LIPIDS Flashcards
Fixed Oils, Fats, Waxes and Fatty Acids
LIPIDS
Are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols or of closely related derivatives.
LIPIDS
Are soluble in non-polar organic solvents and generally insoluble in water.
LIPDS
Uses of Lipids in Medical/Pharmaceutical
EMOLLIENT
VEHICLES FOR MEDICATIONS
THERAPEUTIC PROPERTY
ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION
Lipids Uses in Industries
SOAPS
PAINTS
2 type of Alcohol:
FIXED OILS AND FATS
WAXES
Glycerol combine with Fatty Acids
FIXED OILS AND FATS
High mol. wt. alcohol (Cetyl alcohol) combined with Fatty acids
WAXES
Primary function is for food (energy) storage
FIXED OILS AND FATS
Fixed oils and fats are obtained from either:
PLANTS: PEANUT OIL, OLIVE OIL
ANIMALS: LARD
Important products used pharmaceutically, industrially and as
food.
FIXED OILS AND FATS
May occur in various parts of the plants, but as a general rule in seeds.
VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS
may contain larger quantities and the usual sources of fixed oils
SEEDS
Examples of seeds:
CASTOR SEED
COTTON SEED
SESAME SEED
HEMP SEED
LINSEED
ALMOND SEED
COCONUT
Fixed Oils are sometimes classified as:
DRYING OILS
SEMI-DRYING OILS
NON-DRYING OILS
May also be of plant and animal origin
WAXES
Are liquid at normal temperature
FIXED OILS AND FATS
Are semi-solid to solid at ordinary temperature
WAXES
Solid vegetable oil
COCOA BUTTER
MOST ANIMAL FATS ARE SOLID
TRUE
(MOST VEGETABLE OILS ARE LIQUID AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURE)
Most Vegetable Oils are liquid at ordinary temperature except:
COCOA BUTTER - SOLID VEGETABLE OIL
Most Animal Fats are solid except
COD LIVER OIL - LIQUID ANIMAL FAT
Fixed Oils and Fats of Vegetative Origin are obtained by ______.
EXPERSSION IN HYDRAULIC PRESSES
Fixed Oils and Fats of Vegetative Origin are obtained by Expression in Hydraulic Presses:
COLD - VIRGIN/ COLD PRESSED OIL
HOT - HOT PRESSED OIL
SOMETIMES ORGANIC SOLVENTS ARE USED FOR THE EXTRACTION OF OILS
are separated from other tissues by
rendering with steam or without steam.
ANIMAL FATS
Classification of Fixed Oils:
SATURATED
MONOSATURATED
POLYSATURATED
Saturated Fixed Oils:
COCONUT OIL
PALM OIL
PALM KERNEL OIL
Monosaturated Fixed Oils:
CASTOR OIL
OLIVE OLIVE
PEANUT OIL
RAPESEED OIL
Cacao Butter/Cocoa Butter
THEOBROMA OIL
Hydrous Woolfat
LANOLIN
Woolfat
ANHYDROUS LANOLIN
Are esters resulting from the condensation of high molecular weight, straight-chain acids and alcohols.
WAXES
FATS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
THEOBROMA OIL- CACAO BUTTER/COCOA
BUTTER
LANOLIN- HYDROUS WOOLFAT
ANHYDROUS WOOLFAT - WOOLFAT
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OILS
LARD
Polysaturated Fixed Oils:
ALMOND OIL
CORN OIL
COTTONSEED OIL
COD LOVER OIL
LINSEED OIL
PERSIC OIL
SOYBEAN OIL
SESAME OIL
SAFFLOWER OIL
SUNFLOWER OIL
CH3(CH2)14CO2-(CH2)15CH3
BEESWAX
CH3(CH2)24CO2-(CH2)29CH3
CARNAUBA WAX
CH3(CH2)30CO2-(CH2)33CH3
SPERMACETI
General Uses of Waxes:
HARDENS OINTMENTS AND CREAMS
PREPARATION OF CERATES
PROTECTIVE COATING IN INDUSTRY AND ART
WAXES
PLANTS:
CARNAUBA WAX
BAYBERRY WAX
WAXES
INSECTS:
BEESWAX
LACWAX
WAXES:
OTHER ANIMAL:
SPERMACETI
No C-C double bonds
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
The presence of double bonds in fatty acids significantly lowers the melting point relative to a saturated fatty acid.
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
______ acids of less than eight carbon atoms are liquid at physiological temperature, whereas those
containing more than ten are solid.
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
No C-C double bonds
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Example of Saturated Fatty Acid:
LAURIC ACID
MYRISTIC ACID
PALMITIC ACID
STEARIC ACID
ARACHIDIC ACID
With double bonds
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
With double bonds
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Oxygen saturates the double bonds to form oxides that may polymerize to form hard films (important in film industry)
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Double bonds also take up hydrogen in the proper conditions producing semi-solid fats that are used extensively as cooking fats and shortening
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Fixed Oils are classified based on their ability to absorb oxygen from the air: Drying oils, Semi- drying oils, and Non-drying Oils
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
the number of mg of KOH required to
saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the substance.
ESTER VALUE
the number of mg of KOH
required to neutralized the free acids and saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the substance is equal to the sum of Acid Value and Ester Value.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE
the number of mg of KOH required to neutralize the free acids contained in 1 g of the substance
ACID VALUE/ ACID NUMBER
the number of grams of Iodine
absorbed, under prescribed conditions, by 100 g of the substance.
IODINE NUMBER
USP TESTS FOR FATTY ACIDS
ESTER VALUE
SAPONIFICATION VALUE
ACID VALUE / ACID NUMBER
IODINE NUMBER
USP TESTS
Examples of Fixed Oils:
DRYING OILS
NON-DRYING OILS