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Human Nutrition > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

a diverse group of organic compounds that share a common property of insolubility in water

A

Lipids

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2
Q

What are the functions of lipids? (4)

A

energy storage and utilization
insulation
structural components of cell membranes
synthesis of other biological compounds

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3
Q

What are the other biological compounds that can be synthesized from lipids?

A

bile acid
vitamin D
Steroid hormones
eicosanoids

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4
Q

What are some example types of lipids?

A

“free” fatty acid
triglycerides
phospholipids
cholesteryl ester

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5
Q

What is the simplest of lipids?

A

fatty acids

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6
Q

what is composed of a straight carbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end (alpha end) and a methyl group (CH3) at the other end (omega end)

A

fatty acids

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7
Q

which of the simple lipids are components of more complex lipids?

A

fatty acids

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8
Q

Is the Polar head group hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

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9
Q

Is the nonpolar, hydrocarbon tail hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

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10
Q

-CH3

methyl or carboxylic?

A

methyl

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11
Q

-COOH

methyl or carboxylic?

A

carboxylic

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12
Q

What are the three ways fatty acids can vary and classify by?

A

Unsaturated/saturated
short/long chain
essential/nonessential

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13
Q

What type of chain is a Fatty acid with less than 6 carbons?

A

short chain

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14
Q

What type of chain is a Fatty acid with 6-12 carbons?

A

medium chain

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15
Q

What type of chain is a Fatty acid with 13-24 carbons?

A

long chain

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16
Q

what determines how fatty acids are digested and metabolized?

A

chain length

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17
Q

what “saturates” fatty acids?

A

Hydrogen atoms

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18
Q

Which one is typically solid at room temperature?

Saturated or Unsaturated?

A

Saturated

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19
Q

Which one is more flexible, thus are more often components of cell membranes?

Saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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20
Q

What fatty acid cannot be made in the body and therefore must be consumed in the diet?

A

essential fatty acids

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21
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic and a-linolenic

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22
Q

What end is often written as -CH3?

A

(methyl)
omega end

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23
Q

what end is often written as -COOH?

A

Carboxylic acid
or
alpha end/delta end

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24
Q

what type of saturated fatty acid is
cis9-18:1 ?

A

monounsaturated
oleic acid

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25
Q

what type of saturated fatty acid is
18:0 ?

A

saturated
stearic acid

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26
Q

what type of saturated fatty acid is
cis9,cis12-18:2 ?

A

polyunsaturated
linoleic acid

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27
Q

What food is an example of monunsaturated fatty acid source

A

olive oil

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28
Q

What are the three fatty acid naming system?

A

common names
omega system (w)
Delta (triangle) or alpha (a) system

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29
Q

What system describes:
# of carbons
# of double bonds
# of carbons starting from the omega end, to the first carbon in the first double bond

A

Omega system
(w)

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30
Q

What system describes:
# of carbons
# of double bonds
# of carbons starting from the delta end, to the first carbon in each of the double bonds.

A

delta system
(triangle)

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31
Q

What is the common name for
C 18:0

A

stearic acid

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32
Q

why is stearic acid a saturated fatty acid?

A

It is “completely saturated” with H atoms
(no double bond)

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33
Q

What is the common name for
C18:1delta 9 ?

A

oleic acid

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34
Q

Is stearic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

saturated

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35
Q

is oleic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

(mono)unsaturated

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36
Q

What is the common name for
C18:2delta9,12 ?

A

linoleic acid

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37
Q

Is linoleic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

(poly)unsaturated

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38
Q

Linolenic acid is an omega ? acid

A

omega 3

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39
Q

what is the common name for
C20:4delta5,8,11,14 ?

A

arachidonic acid

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40
Q

Is arachidonic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

(poly)unsaturated

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41
Q

what is the common name for
C20:5delta5,8,11,14,17 ?

A

eicosapentaenoic acid

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42
Q

is eicosapentaenoic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

(poly)unsaturated

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43
Q

eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega ? acid

A

omega 3 acid

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44
Q

How can fatty acids be changed in the body to different fatty acids?

A

Desaturation
elongation

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45
Q

what enzyme desaturates fatty acids?

A

desaturase enzymes
(delta 4,5,6,9)

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46
Q

what bonds does desatuation cause?

A

c=c double bonds

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47
Q

what is the highest desaturase in the body?

A

delta 9

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48
Q

What enzyme cause fatty acid elongation?

A

elongase enzymes

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49
Q

how does elongation happen?

A

carbons are added in pairs of 2 from the delta end

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50
Q

Myristic Acid (c14) + elongase

A

palmitic acid (c16)

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51
Q

Palmitic acid (c16) + elongase

A

stearic acid (c18)

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52
Q

stearic acid (c18) + desaturase

A

oleic acid (c18:1delta9)

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53
Q

How can we form oleic acid (c18:1delta9) from stearic acid (c18)?

A

using desaturase delta9

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54
Q

can we form linolenic acid from oleic acid?

A

No, because we don’t have a delta12 or 15 desaturase

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55
Q

Why is linolenic acid an essential fatty acid?

A

because we do not have a delta12 or delta15 desaturase

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56
Q

how do we form arachidonic acid (C20:4delta5,8,11,14) from linoleic acid (C18:2delta9,12)?

A

desaturation at delta6 (C18:3delta6,9,12)
elongate (add 2 carbons (C20:3delta8,11,14))
desaturation at delta5 (c20:4delta5,8,11,14)

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57
Q

What saturated Fatty acid has 4 carbons and what is it’s source?

A

butyric
butter

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58
Q

What saturated Fatty acid has 6 carbons and what is it’s source?

A

Caprioc
butter

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59
Q

What saturated Fatty acid has 14 carbons and what is it’s source?

A

Myristic
coconut and palm

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60
Q

What saturated Fatty acid has 16 carbons and what is it’s source?

A

palmitic
animal and some fat

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61
Q

What saturated Fatty acid has 18 carbons and what is it’s source?

A

stearic
animal and some fat

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62
Q

What Unsaturated Fatty Acid has 18 carbons and 1 double bond and what is its source?

A

Oleic
olive, canola

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63
Q

What Unsaturated Fatty Acid has 18 carbons and 2 double bonds and what is its source?

A

Linoleic
corn, sunflower

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64
Q

What Unsaturated Fatty Acid has 18 carbons and 3 double bonds and what is its source?

A

a-linolenic
soybean, canola

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65
Q

What Unsaturated Fatty Acid has 20 carbons and 4 double bonds and what is its source?

A

arachidonic
eggs, animal fat

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66
Q

What Unsaturated Fatty Acid has 20 carbons and 5 double bonds and what is its source?

A

eicosapentaenoic (EPA)
seafood

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67
Q

What Unsaturated Fatty Acid has 22 carbons and 6 double bonds and what is its source?

A

Docosahexaenoic (DHA)
seafood

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68
Q

substituents are on the same side of the bond

A

cis-

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69
Q

substituents are on opposite sides of the bond

A

trans-

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70
Q

what bond results in folding and kinking of the fatty acid into a U-like orientation

A

cis bond

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71
Q

what fats are extended into a linear shape?

A

trans fats

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72
Q

Does a trans fat act more like a saturated fatty acid or unsaturated fatty acid?

A

saturated fatty acid

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73
Q

How are trans fats manufactured?

A

partial hydrogenation

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74
Q

double bonds of cis orientation undergo an electronic rearrangement to the trans form

A

partial hydrogenation

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75
Q

What source of fat makes up 85% of a typical american diet?

A

unsaturated fat

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76
Q

What source of fat make up 12% of a typical american diet?

A

saturated fat

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77
Q

What source of fat make up 3% of a typical american diet?

A

Trans fat

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78
Q

What source of fat appear to increase the risk of chronic heart disease more than any other macronutrient?

A

Trans fats

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79
Q

Trans fat consumption increases the risk of what diseases?

A

heart disease
diabetes
alzheimer’s
certain cancers

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80
Q

what source of fat is “generally no longer regarded as safe”?

A

trans fat

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81
Q

3 carbon alcohol molecule containing 3 hydroxyl groups (OH)

A

Glycerol
C3H8O3

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82
Q

a bond formed by the reaction of an alcohol and an acid with the removal of water

A

ester bond

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83
Q

what represents the main storage form of a fat in the body?

A

Triacylglycerols

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84
Q

What term has replaced triglyceride?

A

triacylglycerol

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85
Q

what accounts for nearly 95% of a dietary fat intake?

A

Triacylglycerols

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86
Q

True or False

Fatty acids attached to glycerol may be different

A

True

87
Q

Characterized by a four-ring core structure called the cyclopentanoperhydrohphenanthrene (or steroid) nucleus

A

Sterol

88
Q

What is the most common sterol?

A

cholesterol

89
Q

What sterol serves as a precursor for other steroids (bile acids, sex hormones, vitamin D, etc)?

A

Cholesterol

90
Q

What is an essential component of cell membranes? (2)

A

cholesterol
phospholipids

91
Q

What has been implicated in CVD but is essential for various processes?

A

cholesterol

92
Q

What forms can cholesterol exist in?

A

free form
esterified form

93
Q

approximately how much of our cholesterol is made from our body?

A

approx 75%

94
Q

lipid class that contain phosphate and one more fatty acids

A

phospholipids

95
Q

what is less hydrophobic than other lipids, thus are often expressed on the surface of lipid transport particles

A

phospholipids

96
Q

what two components of cell membranes comprise of 5% of dietary lipids?

A

cholesterol and phospholipids

97
Q

what are the two different core structures a phospholipid can be?

A

glycerol (glycerophosphatides)
amino alcohol sphingosine (sphingolipids)

98
Q

What makes up the interior portion of the cell membrane?

A

Hydrophobic fatty acids tails

99
Q

What points towards the hydrophilic (watery) environment?

A

Hydrophilic polar head groups

100
Q

what is made of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and cholesterol dispersed?

A

cell membranes

101
Q

Proteins are embedded in the ___.

A

cell membrane

102
Q

Why are fats emulsified?

A

increase the surface area
increase the accessibility of the fat to the digestive enzymes

103
Q

How does emulification start?

A

starts in the stomach via muscular contractions

104
Q

Where does emulsification largely occur at?

A

in the small intestine via bile acid

105
Q

Where is lingual lipase produced?

A

in the salivary glands

106
Q

What does lingual lipase do?

A

removes some fatty acids starting in the mouth

107
Q

after lingual lipase removes some of the fatty acids starting in the mouth, what is sent to the stomach?

A

Triglycerides, Diglycerides, and fatty acids

108
Q

Once Triglycerides, Diglycerides, and fatty acids from the mouth get to the stomach, what are they further digested by?

A

Gastric Lipase

109
Q

where is gastric lipase produced?

A

in the stomach

110
Q

Where are Triglycerides, diglycerides, and fatty acids sent to after the stomach?

A

small intestine

111
Q

What is Phase 1 of digestion in the Small intestine?

A

Emulsification

112
Q

What emulsifies lipids?

A

bile

113
Q

What represents the most significant means of eliminating excess cholesterol?

A

bile

114
Q

Where is bile created?

A

liver

115
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder

116
Q

How does cholesterol medications lower blood levels?

A

by binding bile in the GI tract and enhancing fecal excretion; thus body must use more cholesterol to make bile, decreasing blood levels

117
Q

What is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and acts in the small intestine?

A

bile

118
Q

What does emulsified lipid droplets in the small intestine stimulate the release of?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

119
Q

Where is bile released into when the gallbladder contracts?

A

cystic duct, joining the common bile duct

120
Q

What helps contract the gallbladder and releases pancreatic juice?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

121
Q

how does bile aid in lipid digestion?

A

enabling large lipid globules to disperse in the watery environment of the small intestine

122
Q

What happens to the bile constituents after aiding in lipid digestion?

A

bile constituents are reabsorbed from the ileum and returned to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

123
Q

How does the liver reuse the bile constituents after being reabsorbed from the ileum and returned to the liver?

A

to resynthesize bile to store in the gall bladder

124
Q

What is Phase 2 of digestion in the Small Intestine?

A

Enzymatic digestion

125
Q

Where is pancreatic lipase produced?

A

in the pancreas

126
Q

what does pancreatic lipase do in the small intestine?

A

removes some fatty acids

127
Q

What is orlistat?

A

an anti-obesity drug that inhibits pancreatic lipase

128
Q

What results in enzymatic digestion?

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids

129
Q

Phospholipid digested by Phospholipase A2 produces

A

fatty acid and lysophospholipid

130
Q

cholesteryl ester digested by bile salt-dependent cholesteryl ester hydrolase produces

A

fatty acid and cholesterol

131
Q

Micellar solubilization of lipid digestion products
AKA…

A

Making the insoluble…soluble

132
Q

What interact at the brush border of enterocytes?

A

Micelles

133
Q

the contents enter the enterocyte primarly via ____ diffusion?

A

simple diffusion

134
Q

What happends to the lipids after the contents of micelle are absorbed into the enterocytes?

A

intracellular re-formation in the endoplasmic reticulum

135
Q

After re-formation, what are lipids packaged into?

A

lipoproteins

136
Q

where do lipoproteins go after reformation in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

sent out into the circulation

137
Q

What happens short- and medium- chain fatty acids once they are absorbed?

A

bind to albumin and circulated in the blood

138
Q

What are packaged into micelles and then taken up by the enterocyte? (4)

A

Long-chain fatty acids
lysophospholipids
cholesterol
monoglycerides

139
Q

What happens to triglycerides phospholipids and cholesteryl esters in the enterocyte?

A

they are reformed and then packaged into chylomicrons and circulated in the lymph.

140
Q

what is the most common short chain fatty acid?

A

butyrate (C4)

141
Q

what are directly ingested and formed as a byproduct of fermentation by gut microbiota?

A

Short and medium chain fatty acids

142
Q

True or false
short and medium chain fatty acid digestion is different from long chain fatty acids

A

false

143
Q

What are not re-formed into triacylglycerols in the enterocyte, but pass through the enterocyte directly into the portal blood, where they bind to albumin and are transported directly to the liver

A

short and medium chain fatty acids

144
Q

what chain of fatty acids have had supported research suggesting protective effects against obesity and diabetes?

A

short chain fatty acids

145
Q

molecule containing lipids and proteins that allow transport of lipids through the blood

A

lipoprotein

146
Q

What lipoprotein transport dietary and other fatty acids from the liver to the body with the help of lipoprotein lipase?

A

Very Low Density Lipoprotein

147
Q

What makes VLDL?

A

liver

148
Q

VLDL with the loss of fatty acids makes?

A

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)

149
Q

What lipoprotein continue to deliver dietary and other fatty acids to the body and is in between VLDL and LDL?

A

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)

150
Q

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) with the loss of fatty acids makes?

A

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

151
Q

what lipoprotein deliver cholesterol to the body (especially liver, adipose, and muscle cells).

A

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

152
Q

What lipoprotein pick up excess cholesterol from nonhepatic cells and deliver it to the liver
(reverse cholesterol transport)?

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

153
Q

What 2 organs make High-density lipoprotein (HDL)?

A

liver and small intestine

154
Q

What lipoprotein delivers dietary triglycerides to the body via lipoprotein lipase?

A

chylomicrons

155
Q

What organ makes chylomicrons?

A

small intestine

156
Q

Protein portion of a lipoprotein

A

Apoprotein

157
Q

What does apoproteins affect in lipoproteins?

A

structure and function

158
Q

what are apoproteins typically abbreviated as?

A

apo

159
Q

What composes major lipoproteins (4)

A

Phospholipid
cholesteryl ester
cholesterol
triglyceride

160
Q

What apoprotein do chylomicrons contain?

A

apoB48 (stabilizes the chylomicron in aqueous environment)
apoCII (activates lipoprotein lipase)
apoE (allows uptake into the liver via LDL receptor)

161
Q

what apoproteins does a Nascent chylomicron contain?

A

B-48

162
Q

What apoproteins does a mature chylomicron contain?

A

Apo B-48 Apo CII and E from HDL (in the blood)

163
Q

“forward” lipid transport

A

chylomicrons deliver FA to tissues.

164
Q

What is in the endothelial lining of capilaries in extra hepatic tissues, stimulated by insulin (in adipose tissue), activated by Apo II, and Hydrolyzes TAGs to FA’s and glycerol?

A

Lipoprotein lipase

165
Q

What apoprotein does a chylomicron remnant have that allows uptake into the liver via the LDL-R or LRP

A

Apo-E

(e-ticket)

166
Q

Inside the capillary, When activated by Apo C-II, what results from LPL hydrolyzing TAGS in the chylomicron?

A

Fatty Acid Uptake

167
Q

When chylomicrons deliver fatty acids to tissues, what stays in the blood to be taken up by the liver?

A

glycerol

168
Q

Enzyme that hydrolyzes triacylglycerols into 2 FA and one monoacylglycerol, and requires ApoC-II?

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

169
Q

Lipoprotein Lipase, AKA..

A

Clearing factor

170
Q

where is lipoprotein lipase expressed the most at?

A

Heart, adipose, skeletal muscle, and mammary glands

171
Q

What is a consequence of LPL deficiency?

A

more fat in blood leading to increased risk of atherosclerosis

172
Q

How does fatty acids help energy needs?

A

when energy is needed, Fatty acids can be released from TAGs via lipolysis to be metabolized in B-oxidation.

173
Q

What lipoprotein transports endogenous triacylglycerols from the liver to other tissues (muscle, heart, adipose tissue)?

A

VLDL

174
Q

What lipoprotein contain the following apoproteins:

B-100 to allow uptake into the liver
ApoCII activates lipoprotein lipase
apoE allows uptake into the liver

A

VLDL

175
Q

What lipoprotein is formed in the liver and inhibited by insulin?

A

VLDL

176
Q

In VLDL metabolism, what is hydrolyzed by LPL When Apo C and E are transferred from HDL?

A

Fatty acids from TAGS are hydrolyzed by LPL

177
Q

What is VLDL transformed into when TAGs are removed?

A

It becomes a smaller IDL.

178
Q

What pathways does heart disease medication target?

A

endogenous liver pathway

179
Q

When there is increased [LDL] in the cell, what are the three responses a cell has to reduced cholesterol?

A
  1. Increased cholesterol storage
  2. decreased cholesterol synthesis
  3. decreased receptor synthesis
180
Q

Cell surface receptor that recognizes apoB100 on LDL particles as well as apoE in chylomicrons and IDL

A

LDL receptor

181
Q

Where are LDL receptors located?

A

found on all tissues, highest in liver

182
Q

What is an example of LDL deficiencies in humans?

A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

183
Q

What condition includes a collection of disorders characterized by excessive cholesterol

-most common forms are loss of LDL receptor or ApoB

-accelerated rates of CVD

A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

184
Q

What would happen if there were low LDL receptors?

A

cholesterol stays in the circulation

185
Q

What is synthesized in liver (and some in the SI)

has more apoproteins and less lipids (so has higher density)

Reverse cholesterol Transport

A

HDL

186
Q

what transport process removes unesterified cholesterol from cells and other lipoproteins and return it to the liver

A

Reverse Cholesterol Transport

187
Q

What protein picks up cholesterol in reverse cholesterol transport?

A

ATP-binding cassette protein 1
ABC1

188
Q

what protein activates LCAT in reverse cholesterol transport?

A

apolipoprotein A-1
Apo A1

189
Q

What sterifies the HDL in reverse cholesterol transport?

A

lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase
LCAT

190
Q

What organ in what metabolism?:

-synthesis of bile salts
-synthesis of lipoproteins from endogenous lipids
-synthesis of new lipds from non-lipid precursors
-catabolizes 70% of LDL from circulation
-catabolizes chylomicron remnants and repackages their lipids into HDL and VLDL

A

Liver in lipid metabolism

191
Q

Which cholesterol is considered “bad”

A

LDL

192
Q

Which cholesterol is considered “good”

A

HDL

193
Q

What are similarities between LDL and HDL

A

the cholesterol is the same
they both carry proteins

194
Q

What are the differences between LDL and HDL

A

the proteins they are holding?

195
Q

What value is considered High for LDL

A

> 160 mg/dL

196
Q

What value is considered High for total cholesterol?

A

at or above 240 mg/dL

197
Q

What value is considered low for HDL

A

at or below 40 mg/dL

198
Q

what value is considered high for HDL

A

at or above 60 mg/dL

199
Q

When lipids are transported to the various tissues, what is their ultimate fate dependant on?

A

the energy needs of the body

200
Q

How are energy needs determined for lipid transportation?

A

by the feeding state

201
Q

are phospholipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

202
Q

What enzyme digests phospholipid?

A

Phospholipase A2

203
Q

What enzyme digests cholesteryl ester?

A

cholesteryl ester hydrolase

204
Q

are the three differences between short chain and long chain fatty acids?

A
  1. long chains go into chylomicrons to be shipped to liver. short chain binds to albumin and go into blood.
  2. short chain fatty acids does not have to use transport system to get into the mitochondria where as the long chain
205
Q

What do chylomicrons carry?

A

dietary triglycerides

206
Q

Where are chylomicrons made?

A

in the small intestine

207
Q

What apoproteins do chylomicrons have?

A

B48- structural
CII - activates lipoprotein lipase
E- key to fit LDL- receptors

208
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons?

A

deliver dietary triglycerides to non liver tissues

209
Q

Where are VLDLs made?

A

liver

210
Q

What apoproteins do VLDLs have?

A

CII
E
B100- structural, also key to a receptor

211
Q

What do VLDL’s carry?

A

Triglycerides that our body has made

212
Q

What is the function of HDL?

A

to deliver cholesteryl back to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport)W

213
Q

What enzyme helps HDL pick up free cholesteryl?

A

ABC1

Human Nutrition (5 decks)

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