Lipids

Question 1

differens between saturated and unsaturated fat

Answer 1

saturated: without double bonds, unsaturated with double bonds

saturated is firm at room temp.

Question 2

what does triacylglycerol consist of?

Answer 2

1 glycerol with 3 fatty acids hed togehter by ester linkage

Question 3

where is fat stored in vertebrates?

Answer 3

adipocytes or fat cells

Question 4

enzyme that catlyze the hydrolysis of stored triacylglycerol

Answer 4

lipase

Question 5

why is triacylglycerol stored as fuels rather than polysaccharides?

Answer 5

1: they produces more energy because they are completly reduced

2: hydrofobic, so they cannot contain any water –> less weight to carry

Question 6

fat can be used as

Answer 6

insulation

Question 7

is it trans of cis bonds that make the food unhealthy?

Answer 7

trans

Question 8

chiral compund

Answer 8

phospholipids

Question 9

located in the inner mito. membrane

Answer 9

cardiolipin

Question 10

ether lipids

Answer 10

liped where the two acyl chains is attach to glycerol in ether

Question 11

structure of sphingolipids

Answer 11

membrane phosporlipid + glycolipid. have polat head + 2 nonpolar tails and NO glycerol

Question 12

sterols

Answer 12

compunds with a system of 4 fused hudrocarbon rings

Question 13

glycerophospholipid/glycerides

Answer 13

membrane protein cosisting of 2 FA attach to 1+2 C-atom in glycerol, plus a highly polar chardhoup in the 3. C-atom.

phosphate group has a negative charge at pH=7

Question 14

plasmalogen

Answer 14

ether lipid with a double bond between C1 and C2. found i high concentration in heart tissue ind vertebrates.

function is unknown

Question 15

glycolipid

Answer 15

lipid predominate in plants

Question 16

galactolipid

Answer 16

glycolipid. 2 galactose reasidues are held together by glycosidic linkage to 3C on a 1,2-diacylglycerol

Question 17

sphingolipid

Answer 17

large class og membrane lipids (phospho- and glyco-lipids)

consist of 2 nonpolar tails, and a polar head

Question 18

ceramide

Answer 18

structural parent to shingolipids.

when a fatty acid is attach to the NH_3 group on the C2-atom on the sphingosine

Question 19

sphingomyelin

Answer 19

have aphosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head

can be found in plasma membranes in animal cells + myelin (isolates axons)

Question 20

glycosphingolipid

Answer 20

lipid. typically found in the outer face of the plasma membrane. have a head consisting of one or more sugars.

Question 21

cerebroside

Answer 21

single sugar linked to the ceramide .
The ones with galactose: found in plasma membrane for neutral tissue
The ones with glucose: found in plasma membranes on nonneutral tissuse cells

sometimes called a neutral glycolipid –> no charge when PH=7

Question 22

globoside

Answer 22

glycosphingolipids with 2 or more sugars, typically d-glucose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine or d-galactose

sometimes called a nutral glucolipid –> no charge a pH=7

Question 23

ganglioside

Answer 23

-

Question 24

sterol

Answer 24

membrane lipid in EU-cells

consisting of 4 fused rings, 3 rings with 6 carbons, and 1 with five. relative planar and relative rigid (stiv)

Question 25

cholesterol

Answer 25

major sterol in animal tissue. consist of polar head group, nonpolar carbon body about 16 C-atoms long and is amphiphathic

Question 26

bile acids

Answer 26

polar derivates of cholesterol.

acts as detergents in the intestines, emulsifying dieteary fats –> easy acess for digestive lipases

Question 27

Eicosanoind

Answer 27

paracrine hormone, invovled in reproductive function, iflammation, fever, pain, blood presure, gastric section, and hunman health and/or diseases

Question 28

prostaglandin (PG)

Answer 28

eicosanoid derivate

stimulate smooth muscle contration during mensturation and labor, affect blood flow, wake-sleep cycle, body temp

Question 29

thromboxane (TX)

Answer 29

eicosanoid derivate

act in the formation of blood clots, and reduction of blood flow to the site of clots

Question 30

leukotriene

Answer 30

eicosanoid derivate

powerful biological signals

Question 31

lipoxin

Answer 31

eicosanoid derivate

potent in antiflammatory agents

Question 32

vitamin

Answer 32

compunds that vetebrate cannot synthesize bur is importan for the health, so they must be obtaind in the diet

Question 33

vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol

Answer 33

formed in the skin

wotiout is, it can lead to defective bone formation, the disease ricket

Question 34

vitamin A1 (all-trans-retiniol)

Answer 34

act in the process and devloment , cell groth/differentiation and vision
can be stored in the budy for some time

Question 35

carotenoids

Answer 35

Carotenoids are a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria

Question 36

vitamin E

Answer 36

hydrofobic–> can be found in lipid deposits, lipoptoteins in the blood

they are biological antioxidants

closesly related to tocopherol

Question 37

tocopherol

Answer 37

hydrofobic–> can be found in lipid deposits, lipoptoteins in the blood

they are biological antioxidants

closesly related to vitamine E

Question 38

vitamin K

Answer 38

is made to proothrombin, which is a blood plasma protein essential for blood clutting.

is a enzyme slpitspeptide bonds in the blood proteinfibrinogen

Question 39

dolichol

Answer 39

when cabonhydrates and sugermoleculs needs to be assembled, the sugar is chemically activated by dolichols. Dolichols are hydrofobic, so they can anchor the suger on the cell membrane for the sugar-tranfer reaction

Question 40

polykatide

Answer 40

diverse group of lipids in biosynthetic pathways (similar to fatty acids)

Question 41

lipidome

Answer 41

all lipids present in in a cell type under particular conditions