Lipids Flashcards
differens between saturated and unsaturated fat
saturated: without double bonds, unsaturated with double bonds
saturated is firm at room temp.
what does triacylglycerol consist of?
1 glycerol with 3 fatty acids hed togehter by ester linkage
where is fat stored in vertebrates?
adipocytes or fat cells
enzyme that catlyze the hydrolysis of stored triacylglycerol
lipase
why is triacylglycerol stored as fuels rather than polysaccharides?
1: they produces more energy because they are completly reduced
2: hydrofobic, so they cannot contain any water –> less weight to carry
fat can be used as
insulation
is it trans of cis bonds that make the food unhealthy?
trans
chiral compund
phospholipids
located in the inner mito. membrane
cardiolipin
ether lipids
liped where the two acyl chains is attach to glycerol in ether
structure of sphingolipids
membrane phosporlipid + glycolipid. have polat head + 2 nonpolar tails and NO glycerol
sterols
compunds with a system of 4 fused hudrocarbon rings
glycerophospholipid/glycerides
membrane protein cosisting of 2 FA attach to 1+2 C-atom in glycerol, plus a highly polar chardhoup in the 3. C-atom.
phosphate group has a negative charge at pH=7
plasmalogen
ether lipid with a double bond between C1 and C2. found i high concentration in heart tissue ind vertebrates.
function is unknown
glycolipid
lipid predominate in plants
galactolipid
glycolipid. 2 galactose reasidues are held together by glycosidic linkage to 3C on a 1,2-diacylglycerol
sphingolipid
large class og membrane lipids (phospho- and glyco-lipids)
consist of 2 nonpolar tails, and a polar head
ceramide
structural parent to shingolipids.
when a fatty acid is attach to the NH_3 group on the C2-atom on the sphingosine
sphingomyelin
have aphosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head
can be found in plasma membranes in animal cells + myelin (isolates axons)
glycosphingolipid
lipid. typically found in the outer face of the plasma membrane. have a head consisting of one or more sugars.
cerebroside
single sugar linked to the ceramide .
The ones with galactose: found in plasma membrane for neutral tissue
The ones with glucose: found in plasma membranes on nonneutral tissuse cells
sometimes called a neutral glycolipid –> no charge when PH=7
globoside
glycosphingolipids with 2 or more sugars, typically d-glucose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine or d-galactose
sometimes called a nutral glucolipid –> no charge a pH=7
ganglioside
-
sterol
membrane lipid in EU-cells
consisting of 4 fused rings, 3 rings with 6 carbons, and 1 with five. relative planar and relative rigid (stiv)
cholesterol
major sterol in animal tissue. consist of polar head group, nonpolar carbon body about 16 C-atoms long and is amphiphathic
bile acids
polar derivates of cholesterol.
acts as detergents in the intestines, emulsifying dieteary fats –> easy acess for digestive lipases
Eicosanoind
paracrine hormone, invovled in reproductive function, iflammation, fever, pain, blood presure, gastric section, and hunman health and/or diseases
prostaglandin (PG)
eicosanoid derivate
stimulate smooth muscle contration during mensturation and labor, affect blood flow, wake-sleep cycle, body temp
thromboxane (TX)
eicosanoid derivate
act in the formation of blood clots, and reduction of blood flow to the site of clots
leukotriene
eicosanoid derivate
powerful biological signals
lipoxin
eicosanoid derivate
potent in antiflammatory agents
vitamin
compunds that vetebrate cannot synthesize bur is importan for the health, so they must be obtaind in the diet
vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol
formed in the skin
wotiout is, it can lead to defective bone formation, the disease ricket
vitamin A1 (all-trans-retiniol)
act in the process and devloment , cell groth/differentiation and vision
can be stored in the budy for some time
carotenoids
Carotenoids are a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
vitamin E
hydrofobic–> can be found in lipid deposits, lipoptoteins in the blood
they are biological antioxidants
closesly related to tocopherol
tocopherol
hydrofobic–> can be found in lipid deposits, lipoptoteins in the blood
they are biological antioxidants
closesly related to vitamine E
vitamin K
is made to proothrombin, which is a blood plasma protein essential for blood clutting.
is a enzyme slpitspeptide bonds in the blood proteinfibrinogen
dolichol
when cabonhydrates and sugermoleculs needs to be assembled, the sugar is chemically activated by dolichols. Dolichols are hydrofobic, so they can anchor the suger on the cell membrane for the sugar-tranfer reaction
polykatide
diverse group of lipids in biosynthetic pathways (similar to fatty acids)
lipidome
all lipids present in in a cell type under particular conditions
