Lipid Metabolism

Question 0

Describe the postprandial TAG response in terms of the amount of time it takes for levels to peak and to return to baseline. Explain why it takes this long. Also, explain how it is related to the insulin and glucagon responses that occur after a meal.

Answer 0

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Question 1

Fig. 7.20 and describe the change in each variable shown during the hours after a meal. Explain how each change is related to each of the others.

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Question 2

Describe the steps by which dietary TAGS are ultimately stored in adipose tissue. Specifically, explain how TAGS in food are taken apart and put back together again each location (eg, gut, enterocyte, CM, adipocyte.)

Answer 2

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Question 3

Discuss the role of insulin in the storage of TAGs in adipose tissue. Explain how glucose provides the glycerol backbone for synthesis of adipose TAGs.

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Question 4

Describe lipogenesis, including each of its two main processes, and where and when each occurs.

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Question 5

Explain what happens in fatty acid synthesis (de novo lipogenesis). Specifically, describe each step and the substrate, enzyme, and product involved, as well as how each is regulated.

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Question 6

Describe each of the processes of lipid metabolism (mobilization through ATP production in the ETC) and explain where and when each occurs.

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Question 7

List the substrate, enzyme, and products of each step of lipolysis (in adipose tissue)

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Question 8

Explain how insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine affect lipolysis.

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Question 9

Explain how glycerol and fatty acids are transported in the blood, where they go, and what happens to them.

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Question 10

Describe the different ways fatty acids get to skeletal muscle via the blood..are they always “free” fatty acids?

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Question 11

Once a fatty acid enters a muscle cell, how is it transported to the mitochondrion?

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Question 12

Describe the three steps required to get a fatty acid from cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. Discuss any enzymes, transporters, or energy required.

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Question 13

Solve the following problem: How many kcals will be produced through beta-oxidation of one molecule of Palmitic acid? In your answer: categorize palmitic acid by level of saturation, list its detla and omega names, explain which parts of the fatty acid are used to produce ATP, calculate the number of ATP produced, and the location(s) it takes place.

Answer 13

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Question 14

Compare and quantify difference in ATP production through beta-oxidation of an even-numbered saturated fatty acid compared with an odd-numbered saturated fatty acid or/and unsaturated fatty acid. Explain why the difference exist.

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Question 15

Explain why acetyl CoA is considered a central molecule in metabolism. Discuss the different ways it is made and its various fates.

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Question 16

Explain the concept “fat burns and a carbohydrate flame,” discussing key relationships among pathways (glycolysis, GNG, beta-oxidation, ketogenesis) in a fed versus fasted state.

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Question 17

Describe ketogenesis, including substates, key steps, and products.

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Question 18

Explain how ketogenesis preserves lean tissue.

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Question 19

Explain the fate of ketone bodies

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Question 20

Discuss the parallel pathways that occur during fed and fasted states

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Question 21

Describe the process of beta-oxidation, including substrate, primary steps of the process, the productions of each round/cut, and how much ATP is produced

Answer 21

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