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LIPID CLASSIFICATION Flashcards

1
Q

applies to a class of compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and nearly insoluble in water

A

LIPIDS

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2
Q

non lipid groups

A

sialic, phosphoryl, amino, or sulfate groups

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3
Q

2 hormones of lipids

A

oxytocin and insulin

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4
Q

esters of fatty acids with various alcohols

A

simple lipids

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5
Q

simple lipids that contain fatty acids with various salts

A

neutral fats

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6
Q

esters of higher alcohols

A

waxes

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7
Q

classes of lipids containing other radicals

A

compund lipids

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8
Q

contain H3PO4 and nitrogenous base

A

Phospholipids

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9
Q

choline as nitrogenous base

A

lecithin

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10
Q

cephalin

A

ethanolamine

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11
Q

lipositol

A

inositol

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12
Q

phosphatidyl serine

A

serine

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13
Q

resemble lecithin and cephalin in structure

A

plasmalogen

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14
Q

sphingosine and choline

A

sphingomyelin

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15
Q

contains carbohydrates and nitrogenous base

A

glycolipids

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16
Q

having amino and sulfate groups respectively

A

III-defined lipids

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17
Q

What are the components of III-defined lipids

A

aminolipids and sulfolipids

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18
Q

products of hydrolysis of I and II; but still exhibiting the general physical characteristics
of lipids

A

Derived Lipids

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19
Q

product of hydrolysis waxes

A

straight chain

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20
Q

hydrocarbons in shark liver and human sebum

A

Squalene

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21
Q

They are neutral ester of monobasic fatty acids with trihydric alcohol, glycerol.

A

fats

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22
Q

R1, R2 and R3
represent different fatty acid chains and the compound
is called

A

mixed glyceride

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23
Q

what are the acids in animal fat

A

oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids

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24
Q

has more stearic and less oleic than pork

A

mutton fat

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25
Q

composed mainly of palmitic and oleic acids with small
amount of butyric acid and caproic acid

A

butter fat

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26
Q

mostly oleic acid; has a yellowish tinge due to carotene and
xanthophylls pigments derived from the ingested food

A

human fat

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27
Q

These are products of fat hydrolysis

A

fatty acid

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28
Q

belong to the acetic series and have the general formula of CnH2nO2

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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29
Q

occurs in the lipids of human tubercle bacilli

A

Tuberculo stearic acid

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30
Q

degree of unsaturation varies with the number of double bonds present in their structure

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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31
Q

They are unstable and reactive due to the presence of the double bonds in their molecules. The
reactivity increases with the increase of the double bond

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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32
Q

insoluble in ordinary solvents

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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33
Q

most abundant fatty acid found in nature

A

oleic acid

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34
Q

position where the single unsaturated fatty acids of animal lipid

A

9,10

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35
Q

The presence of the double bond gives rise to the possibility of geometric isomerism called

A

cis-trans
isomerism

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36
Q

If the radicals are on the same side of the bond, the compound is called

A

“cis” form

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37
Q

at the
opposite is called

A

“trans” form

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38
Q

Common unsaturated fatty acids (with 2 or more double bonds)

A

o Linoleic acid
o Linolenic acid
o Arachidic acid

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39
Q

Those that cannot be synthesized in the human body and must be supplied by the diet

A

Essential/indispensable fatty acids

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40
Q

most abundant EFA in mammals

A

linoleic acid

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41
Q

what is caused by the deficiency of vitamin A

A

eczema and dermatitis

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42
Q

required amount of EFA in the diet of adults

A

2% of total chaloric intake

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43
Q

required amount of EFA in the diet of infants

A

3-4%

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44
Q

has attracted the attention of medical practitioners because the ethyl esters and
soldium salts of hydnocapric and chaulmoogric acid are used in the treatment of leprosy

A

Chaulmoogra oil

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45
Q

has been shown to produce proliferation of epitheloid and giant cells and is probably the
agent responsible for the manifestation of tuberculosis

A

Phthioic acid

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46
Q

Have a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

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47
Q

Fish and fish oil are the most concentrated source but maybe found in some plants

A

omega fatty acids

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48
Q

DPA

A

docosapentaenoic acid

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49
Q

EPA

A

eicosapentaenoic acid

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49
Q

DHA

A

docosahexaenoic acid

50
Q

they lower plasma triglycerides

A

omega fatty acids

51
Q

they have beneficial effects on coronary heart disease because of their thrombotic action (they reduce
platelet aggregation and blood clots)

A

omega fatty acids

52
Q

The biochemical derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid

A

eicosanoids

53
Q

best known for the eicosanoid class

A

prostaglandins

54
Q

what does cell membrane produc to a variety of circumstances, including infection and allergic reaction

A

arachindonic acid

55
Q

Lipids that contain 20 carbon atoms including a five membered ring structure

A

prostaglandins

56
Q

a potent fever-inducing agent, via a similar pathway

57
Q

clinical use of prostaglandin

A

induce labor

58
Q

inhibit the action of the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase thus
reducing the formation of excess prostaglandins and the pain, fever, and inflammation

A

non-narcotic analgesics

59
Q

Formed by platelets in the blood stream, which act as vasoconstrictors and stimulate platelet
aggregation as an initial step in blood clotting

A

Thromboxane

60
Q

Formed by a variety of white blood cells as well as other tissues and cause many symptoms
associated with an allergy attack

A

leukotrienes

61
Q

transcribe NSAID

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

62
Q

Simplest trihydric alcohol commonly known as glycerine

63
Q
  • Oily, colorless, heavy liquid with sweet taste
  • By-product in the manufacture of soap
  • Component of fat responsible for the (+) acrolein test (easily detected by its characteristic acrid odor)
64
Q

what can glycerol reduce

65
Q

positive for benedict an dfehlings test

66
Q

what is formed when glycerol is treated with HNO3, which is used in making dynamites and smokeless poweders

A

nitroglycerine

67
Q

used in medicine as vasodilation drug in the treatment of hypertension

A

nitroglycerine

68
Q

characteristic greasy feel and penetrates through paper producing a translucent spot

A

neutral fats

69
Q
  • odorless, tasteless and colorless (when pure)
  • color due to pigments present
  • insoluble in ordinary solvents
  • soluble in organic solvents (chloroform, benzene, ether, hot alcohol)
  • non-volatile, produce characteristic crystals with definite melting point
A

neutral fats

70
Q

neutral fats containing large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, hence
they are called

71
Q

manufacture of artificial butter

A

oleomargarine

72
Q

how many carbons does most fatty acids in these esters have

A

14-18 carbons

73
Q

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of a fat, when the base is NaOH, the sodium salts of the fatty acids are
produced

A

saponification

74
Q

insoluble soap

75
Q

property of the soap of causing and maintaining the emulsification of the greasy
substances

A

detergency

76
Q

The cleansing property of soap is attributed to its

A

emulsifying property

77
Q

Fats are neutral in reaction, but when exposed to air for some time, they become acidic due probably to
hydrolysis which results in the liberation of volatile fatty acids. The subsequent oxidation of the fatty
acid chains with the formation of odoriferous volatile aldehydes and ketones

A

rancidification

78
Q

Rancidity results in the destruction of the accessory food factors like

A

carotene, Vit. A and vit. E

79
Q

used to estimate its degree of unsaturation

A

Halogenation

80
Q

make up about 15 to 50% of the total fatty acids in fats.

A

Pamlmitic acid

81
Q

soluble in organic solvents (4)

A

chloroform, benzene, ether, hot alcohol

82
Q

_____expressed in terms of the number of grams of iodine that would be absorbed by_____

A
  1. iodine number
  2. 100g of fat
83
Q

Esters formed from long-chain fatty
acids and high molecular weight
alcohols

A

lipid waxes

84
Q

Found in the head of
sperm whale, soft wax used in ointments

A

spermacetic wax

85
Q

Found on Brazilian palm leaves, used in polishes and mimeograph stencils

A

carnauba wax

86
Q

In nature, waxes serves as protective coatings on leaves, skin, feathers, fur and the outer skeletons of
some insects

A

lipid waxes

87
Q

A mixture of waxes derived from wool; used as a base for ointments, salves and creams

88
Q

terpenes are compounds containing what fragments

89
Q

Classified as lipids because they are biological molecules that dissolve in non-polar solvents

90
Q

Derivatives of the hydrocarbon ring system

91
Q

a compound in which a hydroxyl (OH) group is attached to
the steroid ring system

92
Q

Most abundant sterol in animal tissues

A

Cholesterol

93
Q

Cholesterol derivative which is converted to an active
form of vitamin D (Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol) when
skin is exposed to sunlight

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

94
Q

active form of vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol

95
Q

Organic compounds needed for normal growth and maintenance

96
Q

o Not stored in the body inappreciable amounts and must be constantly applied in the diet
o Vitamin C and the B complexes

A

water soluble vitamins

97
Q

Absorbed along with dietary fats and are not excreted in the urine

A

fat soluble vitamins

97
Q

a class of vitamins where it can be excreted in the urine

A

water soluble vitamins

97
Q

Vitamin A, D, E, K

A

fat soluble vitamins

98
Q

Type of lipid found in all biological
membranes

A

phospholipids

99
Q

phospholipds are composed of

A

*2 fatty acids
*1 glycerol
*1 phosphoric acid
* 1 alcohol

100
Q

Found in brain tissue

101
Q

the thromboplastic substance which initiates the process of blood coagulation

102
Q

a structure in which the A residue is derived from
the cation choline

103
Q

When only the unsaturated acid chain (R’) is removed by
hydrolysis from lecithin, a lecithin derivative known as ________ forms

A

lysolecithin

104
Q

is a toxic substance that causes destruction of RBC
(hemolysis).

A

lysolecithin

105
Q

Also found in all membranes are particularly abundant in brain and nerve tissue

A

sphingolipids

106
Q

both classified as sphingolipids because they include a backbone of
sphingosine, an amino alcohol

A

sphingomyelin and glycolipids

107
Q

Replacing one of the amino H with a fatty acid acyl group RCO produces an amine of sphingosine known as ________
(basic structural units for all sphingolipids)

108
Q
  • The most abundant sphingolipid found in the tissue of higher animals
  • Contain PO4 groups
    thus they have polar as
    well as nonpolar
    segments and
    properties that are
    similar to
    phosphoglycerides
A

sphingomyelin

109
Q

composition of ceramide

A

sphingosine + fatty acids

110
Q

A glycolipid found in the membranes of brain tissue

A

cerebroside

111
Q
  • Found on the outer surface of nerve cells
  • Glycolipids in which the CHO that is attached to ceramide
    is musch more complex than a monosaccharide
A

ganglioside

112
Q

the enzyme (hexosaminidase A) needed to break down a ganglioside is deficient leading to the accumulation of the latter in the brain and spleen.

A

Tay-Sach’s disease

113
Q
  • This accumulation leads to neurological deterioration, which occurs after the first month of life
    and leads to death within 5 years.
  • a hereditary disorder
A

Tay-Sach’s disease

114
Q

wherein triglycerides are hydrolyzed to glycerol and 3 fatty acids

A

complete hydrolysis

115
Q

– happens when the fatty acid from the alpha – carbon of the glycerol is
removed resulting to the formation of B-monoglyceride and water.

A

incomplete hydrolysis

116
Q

how many carbons of lipids to make it miscible in water

117
Q

Saturated fatty acids having low MW ______ are liquid at ordinary RT

A

10 or less C atoms

118
Q

the absence of thsi acid and the rest of the EFA in the product produces symptoms of EFA
deficiency such as sparse hair, scaly skin, and poor healing of wounds

A

linolenic acid

119
Q

classified as an essential FA although the body can synthesize this substance from linoleic acid

A

Arachidonic acid

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