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Biochemistry > Lipid Catabolism and Ketogenesis > Flashcards

Lipid Catabolism and Ketogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why are triacylglycerols more efficient form of energy storage than glycogen?

A
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2
Q

Where are triacylglycerols stored? (What type of cell?)

A
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3
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of free fatty acids when blood glucose levels fall?

A

Glucagon

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4
Q

Why must free fatty acids be converted into acyl-CoA efficiently?

A
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5
Q

How are free fatty acids transported in the circulation?

A
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6
Q

What are the three chemical steps that fatty acids are activated for Beta-Oxidation from the formation of acyl-CoA?

A
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7
Q

What reaction ensures that the overall biochemical standard free energy is large and negative in the activation for Beta-oxidation?

A
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8
Q

Where does Beta-oxidation take place?

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9
Q

What is a “carnitine shuttle?”

A
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10
Q

What is the function of a carnitine shuttle?

A
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11
Q

What re the key features of a carnitine shuttle?

A
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12
Q

How are fatty acyl groups transported from the cytosol to the matrix?

A
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13
Q

What are the four reactions of one round of Bata-oxidation? (Know the structures)

A
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14
Q

How does a pair of electrons enter the mitochondrial electron transport chain from FADH2?

A
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15
Q

Is there a difference in the amount of ATP formed by even and odd-chain fatty acid oxidation?

A
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16
Q

Name the for important componenets of a lipid bilayer

A
  1. Glycerophopholipids
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Sphingolipids
  4. Proteins and carbohydrates
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17
Q

Name 4 functions of membranes.

A
  1. Provide a barrier
  2. Compartmentalization of metabolic pathways
  3. Hold metabolites
  4. Provide gradients
18
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect?

A
19
Q

What type of interactions will be found between the fatty acid tails of phospholipids in a membrane?

A
20
Q

What influences the function of membrane lipids?

A

Shape causes function
- triangular (up and down facing)–does not form membranes alone
- rectangular–membrane forming, rigidifies
- Short rectangular–fluidizes the membrane

21
Q

How does chain length of a fatty acid affect solubility?

A

Solubility decreases as the length increases

22
Q

How does the number of double bonds in a fatty acid tail affect solubility?

A

Solubility increases as the number of double bonds increases

23
Q

How does chain length of a fatty acid affect melting point?

A

As chain length decreases, the melting point decreases.

24
Q

How does the number of double bonds affect the melting point of a fatty acid?

A

The melting point decreases as the number of double bonds increases.

25
Q

When considering the effect of double bonds of solubility and melting point, how many does carbons do we simulate each double bond to?

A

One double bond is about 4 less carbons (-4)

26
Q

What is optimal fluidity?

A
27
Q

What influences the fluidity of the membrane?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Fatty acid composition
28
Q

Explain why a longer and more saturated fatty acid membrane make-up causes less fluidity

A

There are more Van der Wals interactions which leads to higher TM and therefore less fluidity

29
Q

Explain why short and less saturated fatty acid membrane make up leads to more fluidity

A

There are less Van der Wals interactions which leads to a lower TM and therefore more fluidity

30
Q

Which lipids do Oligosaccarides sit on?

A

Glycoconjugate lipids

31
Q

Explain the absorptionof dietary fats

A
32
Q

How is energy generated from a TAG

A
33
Q

What is a TAG

A

Triacylglycerol

34
Q

How do we release fatty acids from stored TAG?

A

Triggered by Glucagon signals for low blood glucose which stimulates the release of fatty acids.

Triacylglycerol and water —lipases—> 3 fatty acids and a glycerol

35
Q

What are micelles?

A

Spherical shapes of free fatty acids

36
Q

How are micelles formed?

A

free fatty acids interacting with eachother

37
Q

Free fatty acids form what?

A

Micelles

38
Q

True or False. Free fatty acids form micelles that may act as detergents.

A

True

39
Q

True or False. Cells will keep the concentration of free fatty acids in very high concentrations.

A

False. Cells keep them in low concentrations. In cells they are rapidly converted to acylCoA or converted to TAG

40
Q

What do free fatty acids do in the blood circulation?

A

They bind to serum albumin

41
Q

What is Beta Oxidation?

A

Fatty acid oxidation

42
Q

What are the two phases of Beta-oxidation?

A
  1. Activation of fatty acids (conversion of fatty acids to acyl CoA)
  2. Beta-oxidation (Acyl CoA is converted to acetylCoA) MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

Biochemistry (16 decks)

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