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exam 4 > lipid and pro review > Flashcards

lipid and pro review Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of lipids is used for energy?

A

Triglycerides

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2
Q

Which type of lipids stored as fat in adipose tissue/liver?

A

Triglycerides

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3
Q

Which type of lipids are used to make plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol

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4
Q

Which type of lipids are used to make steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

Which type of lipids are essential (only supplied through diet)?

A

Linoleic acid

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6
Q

Trans fat – how does it form?

A

double bonds on the carbon chain, the H’s will be on different sides (hence trans)

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7
Q

Structure/component of phospholipids

A

Lipids + phosphate group
Polar
Major component of cell membranes
Form micelles

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8
Q

How fatty acids can vary?

A

Saturation – presence of double bonds
Length of fatty acid chain (number of carbons)

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9
Q

Micelle formation – component of micelles

A

-Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
-Formed in aqueous solutions where polar region faces the outside surface and non polar region forms the core
-Formed from phospholipids

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10
Q

How do micelles enter the intestinal epithelial cells?

A

simple diffusion

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11
Q

What happen once micelles enters the cell?

A

the fat drop gets coated in proteins (form a chylomicron)

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12
Q

Chylomicron synthesis in the enterocyte – how does it exit the cells to the lymphatic system?

A

The protein coat allows it to go through exocytosis then into the lymphatic system

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13
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Most triglycerides
Formed in intestine, enters lymph, carries dietary fats

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14
Q

VLDL

A

Formed in liver, enters blood

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15
Q

LDL

A

-Carries cholesterol to cells
-Formed in blood from VLDL, transports cholesterol to cells

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16
Q

HDL

A

-Most protein
-Formed in intestine and liver, transports excess cholesterol from cells to liver

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17
Q

Apolipoproteins (apoproteins)

A

-Binding sites for receptors
-Activators or coenzymes for enzymes involved with lipid metabolism

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18
Q

Describe the function of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

A

High affinity for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
LPL in adipocyte is regulated by insulin

19
Q

The transport mechanism by which LDLs are taken up by receptors
Which apolipoprotein is associated with LDL?

A

Aoi-B-100
Apo-E

20
Q

Beta- oxidation: Where does it take place?

A

in the mitochondria of the cell

21
Q

Once acetyl-CoA is formed, what is its fate?

A

can enter the citric acid cycle or can be converted to ketone bodies (ketogenesis) in the liver. Ketones travel to skeletal muscle and are used in the citric acid cycle to produce ATP

22
Q

How fatty acids are transported from cytosol to mitochondria for beta-oxidation?

A

They are shuttled by carnitine

23
Q

What’s the products of beta oxidation?

A

acetyl-CoA, NADH + H+ and FADH2

24
Q

If energy is excess

A

make fat

25
Q

if energy needed

A

make ketone bodies

26
Q

Can you list the 3 ketone bodies?

A

acetoacetate, 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone

27
Q

What happens when ketone bodies are in excess?

A

excess formation of ketones, disturbs body’s acid/base balance and promotes metabolic acidosis

28
Q

fed state

A
  • Favor triglyceride storage (Lipogenesis)
  • Insulin stimulates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (Increase uptakes of FA from chylomicrons and VLDL)
  • Insulin stimulates glycolysis (Increase glycerol phosphate synthesis)
29
Q

fasting state

A
  • Increase triglyceride mobilization (Lipolysis)
  • Glucagon stimulates hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue
  • glucagon in Liver and Muscle
30
Q

Role of hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase

A
  • Converts stored triglycerides -> fatty acids
  • Free fatty acids are released into blood to be used for energy by skeletal muscles instead of using glucose
31
Q

role of insulin and glucagon in lipid metabolism

A
  • In liver, glucagon stimulates the conversion of fatty acids into ketone bodies to be used as an energy source
  • In muscle, LPL activity is up-regulated to favor fatty acid oxidation
32
Q

Leptin

A

secreted to regulate appetite, role in immune response, and regulates reproductive processes

33
Q

Secretory products of adipose tissue

A

leptin, adiponectin, chemokine, cytokines

34
Q

essential amino acids

A

must be obtained in diet

35
Q

non essential amino acids

A

the body can synthesize

36
Q

Function of proteins

A

fluid balance, protection, regulation with enzyme hormones, structure, muscle contractions, and transportation

37
Q

Digestion and absorption of proteins

A

in the mouth the salivary glands break down the proteins, in the stomach pepsin breaks down the protein to polypeptides, the duodenum secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase to make the polypeptide just a peptide, and lastly the small intestine secretes peptidases the makes the peptides into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides

38
Q

The role of amino acids in intestinal cells

A

synthesize lipoproteins, digestive enzymes, hormones, nitrogen-containing compounds, and structure cellular proteins

39
Q

The role of amino acids in the liver

A

Metabolized (transamination vs. deamination)
Synthesis of plasma protein (albumin, blood-clotting proteins, and acute phase proteins)
Synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds

40
Q

transamination

A

breaks amino acids to glutamic acid
- Transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to an amino acid carbon skeleton
- Catalyzed by aminotransferases

41
Q

deamination

A

in the liver, amino group removed to make ammonia that will then enter the urea cycle
- amino acid becomes an alpha- keto acid

42
Q

Fate of alpha keto acids:

A

energy (kreb’s cycle), gluconeogenesis, ketones (via acetyl CoA), Cholesterol synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis

43
Q

where does Gluconeogenesis happen

A

in the liver and kidney

44
Q

What are the substrates of Gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, oxaloacetate, and certain amino acids

exam 4 (4 decks)

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