exam prep Flashcards
which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide
a. maltose
b. lactose
c. glucose
d. raffinose
e. fiber
e. fiber
the storage form of glucose in humans is known as
a. glycogen
b. starch
c. raffinose
d. amylose
e. amylopectin
a. glycogen
the branched chain starch is called
a. glucose
b. amylopectin
c. amylose
d.glycogen
b. amylopectin
glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of
a. glucose to carbon dioxide and water
b. glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid
c. glycogen to glucose-6- phosphate
d. glucose to glycogen
e. pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA
b. glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid
the transporter is classified as a secondary active transport. it helps to transport glucose into intestinal epithelial cells
a. sodium glucose transporter I (SGLT1)
b. glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)
c. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2)
d. glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5)
e. sodium-potassium pump
a. sodium glucose transporter I (SGLT1)
which glucose transporter is insulin responsive
a. GLUT1
b.GLUT2
c. GLUT3
d. GLUT4
e. SGLT1
d. GLUT4
fructose enters the intestinal epithelial cells through which transporter
a. GLUT 1
b. GLUT2
c. GLUT4
d. GLUT5
e. SGLT1
d. GLUT5
the rate-limiting step of glycolysis is catalyzed by
a. hexokinase
b. glucokinase
c. enolase
d. phosphofructokinase
e. pyruvate kinase
d. phosphofructokinase
in the cori cycle, lactate is converted to glucose in
a. the adrenal gland
b. the liver
c. red blood cells
d. the adrenals
e. pancreas
b. the liver
the net gain of ATP and NADH from glycolysis of one glucose molecule is
a. 2 ATP and 2 NADH
b. 2 ATP and 1 NADH
c. 3 ATP and 2 NADH
d. 1 ATP and 2 NADH
e. 1 ATP and 1 NADH
a. 2 ATP and 2 NADH
in glycolysis
a. more energy is used than produced
b. total of 36 ATP is produced
c. oxygen must be present for it to start
d. pyruvate is formed as an end product
e. no energy is produced
d. pyruvate is formed as an end product
in glycolysis, which step occurs last
a. oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
b. phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose 6 phosphate
c. cleavage of fructose 1,6 diphosphate
d. input of 2 ATP molecules
e. production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid
e. production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid
when glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is
a. citric acid
b. ketone bodies
c. acetyl CoA
d. pyruvic acid
e. lactic acid
e. lactic acid
the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
a. requires the addition of CO2
b. occurs in the nucleus of the cell
c. is needed for the blood cell production
d. does not require oxygen
e. occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and cannot be reversed
e. occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and cannot be reversed
electron transport chain
a. occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
b. occurs in the nucleus of the cell
c. is required for red blood cell to generate ATP
d. produces oxygen as the end product
e. occurs when oxygen is depleted
a. occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
the citric acid cycle begins by combining
a. CO2 and water to form carbonic acid
b. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate
c. pyruvate and citrate
d. pyruvate and CO2
e. pyruvate and acetate to form acetoacetic acid
b. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate
the citric acid cycle
a. occurs under anaerobic condition
b. occurs in the cytosol
c. produces oxygen and water
d. supplies high energy electrons to generate ATP
e. is part of the glycolysis
d. supplies high energy electrons to generate ATP
in metabolism, glucose is catabolized to CO2 and water. Most of the CO2 is produced in ____
a. glycolysis
b. the citric acid cycle
c. electron transport chain
d. the transition reaction
e. none of the above
b. the citric acid cycle
the end product of the electron transport chain is
a. water
b. glucose
c. ketones
d. oxygen
e. carbon dioxide
a. water
the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is ____
a. oxygen
b. ATP synthase
c. water
d. NADH
e. FADH2
a. oxygen
the electrons that are transferred through the electron transport chain initially belonged to _____
a. CO2
b. pyruvic acid
c. ADP
d. NADH
e. water
d. NADH
fructokinase is one of the reasons contributing to fatty liver when fructose consumption greatly increased. Which of the following is not true regarding fructokinase?
a. it is abundant in the liver
b. it does not subject to allosteric negative feedback inhibition by ATP
c. it is a rate limiting step regulated by ATp
d. it converts fructose to fructose-1- phosphate
e. it leads to intermediates production that favor fat synthesis when ATP is abundant
c. it is a rate limiting step regulated by ATP
a patient comes to the emergency room with enlarged liver. the liver biopsy test shows large amounts of excess glycogen, and he also has lower than normal blood glucose. WHy does this patient have low blood glucose
a. low liver glycogen phosphorylase activity
b. low liver glycogen synthesis activity
c. low liver phosphatase activity
d. low liver glucokinase activity
e. all of the above
a. low liver glycogen phosphorylase activity
which of the following regarding glycogenesis is NOT TRUE
a. it can be stimulated by insulin
b. it can be stimulated by glucagon
c. UDP glucose units are produced and combined to form a glycogen chain
d. glycogen polymer is branched by branching enzyme to increase its stability and solubility
e. glycogen can be stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
b. it can be stimulated by glucagon
which of the following compounds cannot be converted to glucose in the body
a. acetyl CoA
b. glycerol
c. pyruvate
d. lactate
e. All of the above
a. acetyl CoA
low density lipoprotein enters a cell via _____
a. primary active transport
b. sodium dependent glucose transporter
c. receptor mediated endocytosis
d. facilitated diffusion
e. simple diffusion
c. receptor mediated endocytosis
the structure of a triglyceride includes
a. 3 glycerol molecules + 1 fatty acid
b. 1 glycerol molecule + 1 fatty acid
c. 1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids
d. 3 glycerol molecules + 3 fatty acids
e. 2 glycerol molecules + 3 fatty acids
c. 1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids
lipid in this form is used to produce ATP and stored in adipose tissue
a. triglycerides
b. cholesterol
c. phospholipid
d. omega-3
e. omega-6
a. triglycerides
which of the food sources below contain the most saturated fat
a. lard
b. avocado oil
c. olive oil
d. flaxseed oil
e. walnuts
a. lard
fatty acids can vary based on their ____
a. solubility
b. carboxyl group
c. hydroxyl group
d. degree of saturation
e. all of the above
d. degree of saturation
micelles formed in the small intestine enter the enterocyte via ____
a. facilitated diffusion
b. simple diffusion
c. antiport
d. symport
e. exocytosis
b. simple diffusion
high density lipoprotein
a. formed in the enterocyte with other fat soluble vitamins, proteins and cholesterol before entering the lymphatic system
b. contains primarily triglycerides
c. formed in the blood to transport cholesterol and triglycerides to peripheral tissues
d. formed in liver and transports excess cholesterol back to the liver
e. formed in the adipose tissue and transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues
d. formed in liver and transports excess cholesterol back to the liver
apolipoproteins
a. are weakly associated with lipoprotein
b. stabilize lipoprotein
c. are binding sites for receptors
d. increase specificity of lipoprotein
e. all of the above statements are correct
e. all of the above statements are correct
lipoprotein lipase
a. is activated by Apo-B-48
b. is regulated by epinephrine
c. hydrolyzes triglycerides from lipoproteins
d. has high affinity for protein-rich lipoproteins
e. all of the above statements are correct
c. hydrolyzes triglycerides from lipoproteins
inside the vascular wall, macrophages ingest oxidized low density lipoproteins and become _____ which can form a plaque that leads to heart attack
a. foam cells
b. fibrous tissue
c. cholesterol ester
d. high density lipoprotein
e. monocytes
a. foam cells
fatty acids enter the mitochondria for what reaction
a. glycolysis
b. beta oxidation
c. transition reaction
d. lipogenesis
e. fermentation
b. beta oxidation
brown adipose is different from white adipose tissue that brown adipose tissues ______
a. secrete hormones
b. contain one large lipid droplet
c. do not contain lipid droplets
d. can generate heat
e. are the primary site for triglyceride storage
d. can generate heat
with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the increased lipid metabolism will cause an increase in formation of
a. oxygen
b. carbon dioxide
c. fatty acids
d. ATP
e. ketone bodies
e. ketone bodies
the fate of acetyl CoA includes
a. ketone bodies production
b. ATP production
c. fatty acid formation
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
d. all of the above
hormone sensitive lipase in adipose tissue is sensitive to glucagon and results in
a. triglyceride breakdown to fatty acid
b. fatty acid storage as triglycerides
c. fatty acid storage as glucose
d. gluconeogenesis
e. none of the above
a. triglyceride breakdown to fatty acid
in lipid metabolism, fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time, which make ____ while glycerol can be used to make ______
a. oxaloacetate, acetyl CoA
b. citric acid, acetyl CoA
c. glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate, acetyl CoA
d. acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate
e. acetyl CoA, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate
e. acetyl CoA, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate
in general, fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose because
a. they lack sufficient energy
b. the product, acetyl CoA, can never be used to synthesize pyruvate
c. acetyl CoA can be synthesized only from amino acid skeletons, not fatty acid skeletons
d. they enter the citric acid cycle as oxaloacetate
e. they are not water soluble
b. the product, acetyl CoA, can never be used to synthesize pyruvate
amino acids in intestinal cells can be used for
a. synthesis of hormones
b. the proliferation of intestinal cells
c. synthesis of digestive enzymes
d. production of apoproteins
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
leptin _____
a. is secreted by the anterior pituitary
b. regulates appetite
c. stimulates lipolysis
d. is an immune cell
e. is secreted by the pancreas
b. regulates appetite
which of these events take place during the absorptive state?
a. glycogen is converted into glucose
b. glucose is converted into glycogen
c. ketones are produced
d. proteins are converted into glucose
e. lipids are broken down into glucose
b. glucose is converted into glycogen
which of the following is NOT an amino acid reaction
a. transamination
b. deamination
c. conversion of ammonia to urea
d. phosphorylation
e. all of the above
d. phosphorylation
transamination
a. is regulated by glucagon
b. usually require vitamin B6 as a co enzyme
c. results in the formation of ammonia
d. occurs primarily in the kidney
e. involves removal. of amino group
b. usually require vitamin B6 as a co enzyme
the fate of alpha keto acids includes
a. ketogensis
b. fatty acid synthesis
c. gluconeogenesis
d. cholesterol synthesis
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
ammonia is _____
a. a by product of lipid metabolism
b. formed during ketogensis
c. converted into urea in the liver
d. converted to keto acids
e. produces during lipogenesis
c. converted into urea in the liver
gluconeogensis is most important
a. after exercise
b. after meals
c. after prolonged fasting
d. between meals
e. with anaerobic conditions
c. after prolonged fasting
which fo the following enzyme does not involve gluconeogenic pathway
a. glucose 6 phosphatase
b. pyruvate kinase
c. pyruvate carboxylase
d. fructose 1,6-biphosphatase
e. all of the above
c. pyruvate carboxylase
the following events occurs in the mitochondria except
a. beta oxidation
b. electron transport chain
c. TCA cycle
d. glycolysis
e. all of the above
d. glycolysis
