Linking Words Flashcards
>> Adding information: And In addition As well as Also Too Furthermore Moreover Apart from In addition to Besides
Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and.
“We discussed training, education and the budget.”
Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. “We also spoke about marketing.”
You can use also with not only to give emphasis.
“We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition.”
We don’t usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this…
As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. “As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition.”
“We are interested in costs as well as the competition.”
Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well. “They were concerned too.”
“I, too, was concerned.”
Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to.
“Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.” “Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.”
Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making. “Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition.”
>> Summarising: In short In brief In summary To summarise To conclude In conclusion
We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we have said or written.
> > Sequencing ideas:
The former, … the latter Firstly, secondly, finally The first point is
Lastly
The following
The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points.
“Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term.”
Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas.
The following is a good way of starting a list.
“The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen.”
>> Giving a reason: Due to / due to the fact that Owing to / owing to the fact that Because Because of Since As
Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun.
“Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%.”
“Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks.”
If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that.
“Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25.”
“Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfil all its orders.”
Because / because of
Because of is followed by a noun.
“Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed.”
Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, “Because it was raining, the match was postponed.”
“We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive.”
Since / as
Since and as mean because.
“Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.” “As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.”
> > Giving a result:
Therefore
So Consequently This means that As a result
Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way.
“The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff.”
So is more informal.
>> Contrasting ideas: But However Although / even though Despite / despite the fact that In spite of / in spite of the fact that Nevertheless Nonetheless While Whereas Unlike In theory... in practice...
But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence.
“He works hard, but he doesn’t earn much.”
“He works hard. However, he doesn’t earn much.”
Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence.
“Although it was cold, she went out in shorts.” “In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts.”
Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that.
“Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees.” Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway.
“The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless.” (In spite of the fact that it was cold.)
“The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren’t going to expand this year.”
While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other.
“While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown.”
“Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down.” “Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol.”
In theory… in practice… show an unexpected result.
“In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don’t have enough time.”
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> > Similarity/Addition
Adds information that agrees with, reinforces, or contributes to a previous idea.
likewise furthermore moreover further additionally equally important in the same way also as well similarly in fact again indeed in addition
> > Qualification
Adds a condition to the idea; sets limits or boundaries for the idea; considers possible opposition.
for the most part generally often ordinarily usually rarely occasionally sometimes granted considering of course admittedly unfortunately fortunately
> > Introduction
Brings an idea into the discussion.
firstly to begin in the first place initially as for in the case of with regard to primarily similarly regarding concerning when it comes to
> > Emphasis
Places more importance on the idea, drawing the reader’s focus.
notably most significantly primarily particularly above all most of all in fact specifically in particular most importantly essentially certainly
> > Contrast
Establishes an opposition between ideas; often leads to a conclusion or decision between them.
although despite conversely however even so instead even if though irrespective whereas nevertheless while notwithstanding still on the contrary regardless on the one hand on the other hand yet rather
> > Sequence and causation
Establishes an order for ideas; shows how one idea follows from another.
first second third consequently subsequently as a result accordingly since thus therefore then hence next before for this reason because
> > Conclusion
Shows that the discussion of an idea is complete.
finally ultimately in the end in any case therefore thus to conclude in conclusion in summary to sum up without a doubt regardless
> > Exemplification
Introduces an example of a previous idea.
to illustrate for instance for example an example would be in one such case take a look at such as one such to demonstrate in this case
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> > Transitions signalling addition
equally important besides too what is more in addition likewise by the same token similarly as well as further also and again at the same time moreover
> > Transitions signalling time
after; after a while afterwards as long as as soon as at last; finally formerly since subsequently in the meantime before in the past lately presently shortly so far earlier thereafter until in the future ultimately first second while simultaneously next then meanwhile at length later now in turn
> > Transitions signalling comparison
similarly at the same time also likewise in the same way in comparison in a like manner by the same token in turn
> > Transitions signalling contrast
but at the same time regardless in contrast despite though conversely even so nonetheless notwithstanding even though nevertheless for all that on the other hand however but in spite of yet whereas on the contrary still
> > Transitions signalling cause or effect
for this purpose as a consequence hence since so thus then as a result in short to this end thereupon because with this object accordingly therefore
> > Transitions signalling example
such as for instance specifically in particular an illustration of namely to demonstrate to illustrate even
