Linking Words Flashcards
>> Adding information: And In addition As well as Also Too Furthermore Moreover Apart from In addition to Besides
Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and.
“We discussed training, education and the budget.”
Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. “We also spoke about marketing.”
You can use also with not only to give emphasis.
“We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition.”
We don’t usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this…
As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. “As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition.”
“We are interested in costs as well as the competition.”
Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well. “They were concerned too.”
“I, too, was concerned.”
Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to.
“Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.” “Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.”
Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making. “Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition.”
>> Summarising: In short In brief In summary To summarise To conclude In conclusion
We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we have said or written.
> > Sequencing ideas:
The former, … the latter Firstly, secondly, finally The first point is
Lastly
The following
The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points.
“Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term.”
Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas.
The following is a good way of starting a list.
“The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen.”
>> Giving a reason: Due to / due to the fact that Owing to / owing to the fact that Because Because of Since As
Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun.
“Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%.”
“Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks.”
If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that.
“Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25.”
“Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfil all its orders.”
Because / because of
Because of is followed by a noun.
“Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed.”
Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, “Because it was raining, the match was postponed.”
“We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive.”
Since / as
Since and as mean because.
“Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.” “As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.”
> > Giving a result:
Therefore
So Consequently This means that As a result
Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way.
“The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff.”
So is more informal.
>> Contrasting ideas: But However Although / even though Despite / despite the fact that In spite of / in spite of the fact that Nevertheless Nonetheless While Whereas Unlike In theory... in practice...
But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence.
“He works hard, but he doesn’t earn much.”
“He works hard. However, he doesn’t earn much.”
Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence.
“Although it was cold, she went out in shorts.” “In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts.”
Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that.
“Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees.” Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway.
“The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless.” (In spite of the fact that it was cold.)
“The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren’t going to expand this year.”
While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other.
“While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown.”
“Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down.” “Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol.”
In theory… in practice… show an unexpected result.
“In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don’t have enough time.”
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> > Similarity/Addition
Adds information that agrees with, reinforces, or contributes to a previous idea.
likewise furthermore moreover further additionally equally important in the same way also as well similarly in fact again indeed in addition
> > Qualification
Adds a condition to the idea; sets limits or boundaries for the idea; considers possible opposition.
for the most part generally often ordinarily usually rarely occasionally sometimes granted considering of course admittedly unfortunately fortunately
> > Introduction
Brings an idea into the discussion.
firstly to begin in the first place initially as for in the case of with regard to primarily similarly regarding concerning when it comes to
> > Emphasis
Places more importance on the idea, drawing the reader’s focus.
notably most significantly primarily particularly above all most of all in fact specifically in particular most importantly essentially certainly
> > Contrast
Establishes an opposition between ideas; often leads to a conclusion or decision between them.
although despite conversely however even so instead even if though irrespective whereas nevertheless while notwithstanding still on the contrary regardless on the one hand on the other hand yet rather
> > Sequence and causation
Establishes an order for ideas; shows how one idea follows from another.
first second third consequently subsequently as a result accordingly since thus therefore then hence next before for this reason because
> > Conclusion
Shows that the discussion of an idea is complete.
finally ultimately in the end in any case therefore thus to conclude in conclusion in summary to sum up without a doubt regardless
> > Exemplification
Introduces an example of a previous idea.
to illustrate for instance for example an example would be in one such case take a look at such as one such to demonstrate in this case
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> > Transitions signalling addition
equally important besides too what is more in addition likewise by the same token similarly as well as further also and again at the same time moreover
> > Transitions signalling time
after; after a while afterwards as long as as soon as at last; finally formerly since subsequently in the meantime before in the past lately presently shortly so far earlier thereafter until in the future ultimately first second while simultaneously next then meanwhile at length later now in turn
> > Transitions signalling comparison
similarly at the same time also likewise in the same way in comparison in a like manner by the same token in turn
> > Transitions signalling contrast
but at the same time regardless in contrast despite though conversely even so nonetheless notwithstanding even though nevertheless for all that on the other hand however but in spite of yet whereas on the contrary still
> > Transitions signalling cause or effect
for this purpose as a consequence hence since so thus then as a result in short to this end thereupon because with this object accordingly therefore
> > Transitions signalling example
such as for instance specifically in particular an illustration of namely to demonstrate to illustrate even
> > Transitions signalling explanation
indeed in other words put another way in fact simply stated
> > Transitions signalling concession
after all of course even though at the same time actually
> > Transitions signalling place or direction
above/over there opposite to below/beneath to the east nearby elsewhere around to the left farther on beyond adjacent to on the other side next to where
> > Transitions signalling summary or conclusion
in essence in conclusion in brief altogether in closing to conclude as has been said in summary in retrospect as has been indicated to summarize in other words to sum up in simpler terms all in all on the whole
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INTRODUCTORY PHRASES
In my opinion I believe It is my belief that There is no doubt that From my point of view It seems to me that I question whether I (dis) agree with I maintain that
CONCLUDING PHRASES
For the reasons above As you can see As I have noted In other words On the whole In short To be sure Without a doubt Obviously Unquestionably In brief Undoubtedly In any case Summarizin In any event
SUPPORTING OPINIONS
First Second Third Finally Equally important In the first place Likewise Besides Next Moreover Furthermore In addition Also Last Further Again Similarly
INTRODUCING DETAILS
For example In fact For instance As evidence In support of this
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Since Because of Due to For this reason Therefore If…then Caused by This results in Consequently Accordingly As a result of Leads to In effect Brought about Made possible As might be expected Give rise to Was responsible for
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Similarly Compared to In like manner On the other hand Although Even though Likewise In the same way Contrasting On the contrary As opposed to Rather than Nevertheless As well as Have in common All are The same as Conversely Whether of not In spite of
COUNTERING
I realize you I understand you Even though you Although you Some people It may be that you Your idea to \_\_\_\_ deserves some merit Believe Feel Maintain Want Favour Support Argue State But Yet However I doubt I question Let me explain On the other hand Nevertheless
TRANSITIONS
|»_space; When you want to start an example or illustration:
She loves fine clothes. For example, her prom dress cost nearly two hundred dollars.
Jim sometimes becomes bored easily. For instance, I remember something that happened last summer.
TRANSITIONS
|»_space; When you want to contrast one thing with another:
Mary is one of my best friends. However, she sometimes makes me angry by being late.
Jack is a good swimmer. Even so, he has never won a trophy,
I saw her once when I felt awful. Nevertheless, we had a wonderful time.
TRANSITIONS
|»_space; When you want to add another idea:
Tom is crazy about his motorcycle. Furthermore, he does all the maintenance on it himself.
Mr. Johnston is an excellent teacher. Moreover, he is very popular with his students.
Everybody likes Lou. In addition, he seems to like everyone he meets.
TRANSITIONS
|»_space; When you want to show that one thing causes another:
Sam isn’t very organized. Consequently, he sometimes doesn’t seem to know what he is doing.
One time he forgot his wife’s birthday. As a result, she was very angry.
Al jogs three miles a day. Therefore, he is in good shape. .
TRANSITIONS
|»_space; When you want to summarize or generalize:
That really bothered me. But on the whole, he is a pretty good guy.
He is sensitive, warm, and considerate. In short, I love him.
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> > Adding
*and as well as besides Moreover, Furthermore, What is more, In addition, not only .... but also another point is that
> > Relative clauses
who where that ,which whose to whom when what why
> > Contrasting
*but However, Although despite In spite of Nevertheless, On the contrary, on the one hand on the other hand, whereas while but while In contrast, Neither...nor
> > Expressing cause / reason
because as since This is why because of Due to Owing to For this reason
> > Expressing effect / result
*so
so….that
such a…that
Therefore
Thus
Consequently
As a result
too…for/to
not enough…for/to
> > Narration
First (of all) At first At the beginning In the beginning then next Before After After that afterwards When While during Soon prior to immediately Once Suddenly As soon as on No sooner....than Hardly...when Finally Eventually At the end In the end At last To begin with until
> > Expressing purpose
to so as to in order that so that for (Non-specific)
> > Expressing opinion
I would say that In my opinion, I think (that) I believe (that) Personally Apparently,
> > Giving examples
for example, for instance, For one thing, this includes such as e.g.. (for example) i.e. (that is)
> > Summing up / concluding
All in all overall generally In conclusion on the whole in the main To sum up
> > Emphasis
especially particularly Naturally exactly because above all Whatever Whenever too / enough The more ....
- Avoid starting a sentence with these words.
The linking words beginning with a capital letter often start a sentence, For those without, position in a sentence is optional.
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> > POR EL CONTRARIO
> > ON THE CONTRARY
|»_space; CONVERSELY
> > ADEMÁS
> > BESIDES
ON TOP OF THAT
IN ADDITION
> > MIENTRAS QUE (oposición)
> > WHEREAS
> > PARA, DESDE, A PARTIR DE
> > AS OF
As of September 2011, I had sold 10.000 copies of “Running Lean” on my own
The change comes into effect as of January 1.
