Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SFU- Semester 2 > Ling 222: syntax > Flashcards

Ling 222: syntax Flashcards

0
Q

Lexicon

A

List of words in a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Gloss

A

Literal translation of original language to english

Second line of linguistic examples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definitive article

A

Word meaning ‘the’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Indefinite article

A

Word meaning ‘a’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dem. or demonstrative word

A

A ‘pointing’ word (that, this, these, those)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pl. or plural

A

Used before a plural word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hyphens (-) are used when in a gloss?

A

When a grammatical element is attached to a word or other grammatical element (can’t be a separate word)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Affix and its two types

A

Something attached

Two types= suffix (attached to end of word) and prefix (attached to beginning of word)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Morphosyntax

A

Morphology (study of word forms) + syntax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Colon (:) used for what in glosses?

A

To demonstrate tense of an irregular verb

Ex: take:PAST for took

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Paradigms

A

Tables of verbs (grammatical category + lexical word)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Promotion vs demotion

A

Promotion: making a word or phrase more prominent in a sentence
Demotion: the opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hierarchical structure

A

How words group together to form phrases, phrases group together to form larger phrases, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Embedded sentences (recursion)

A

Where there’s a sentence inside another sentence

Ex: chris told lee [kim couldn’t swim]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Asterisk (*)

A

Ungrammatical sentence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Language universals

A

A property found in all languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Open class words

A

We can easily add new words to these classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transitive verbs

A

Verbs that need a direct object (cannot exist without an object in front of it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three linguistic criteria for identifying word classes

A

1- what different forms can the word have in distinct syntactic contexts? (Morphosyntax)
2- where is a phrase or sentence does the word occur and what words can modify it? (Distribution)
3- what work does the word perform in a phrase or sentence? (Function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Predicate

A

Expresses an ‘event’ in a sentence (this includes actual events like collapse/explode but also actions, processes, situations, states, etc)
Usually a verb but not always

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three important subclasses of verbs

A

Intransitive verbs=verbs with one participant/argument (argument being the event or action which the verbs express; a single argument can be a phrase or more than one person)
Transitive verbs=verbs that require two arguments
Ditransitive verbs=their pattern is X verb Y for/to Z

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ambitransitive verbs

A

Verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Perfect vs progressive

A 
Perfect= Kim has eaten his dinner (auxiliary verb + finished action)
Progressive= Kim was eating his dinner (auxiliary verb + ongoing action)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Modal auxiliaries

A

Display mood (could, should, would, could)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Subjunctive mood

A

Used for hypothetical events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Subject/verb agreement

A

Number, gender, etc

Only third person singular in the present tense has obvious subject/verb agreement in English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pronominal affixes

A

Morphological markers that can replace independent pronouns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Semantic role

A

The thematic role that the noun phrase fulfills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Types of semantic roles

A 
Agent= animate being deliberately performing an action
Experiencer= animate being that experiences feelings of blank
Stimulus= the blank that makes the experiencer feel what they are feeling
Theme= moves from one person/location to another 
Patient= physically affected by verbs action
Recipient= animate being 
Goal= as in we sailed to the island with the island being the goal
Instrument= cause of the verbs action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Grammatical relations of NP

A

Define NPs in terms of their relationships with the verbs of which they are an argument
Most important grammatical relations are subject and (direct) object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Case-marking

A

This test is used for subject of a verb (or auxiliary) that is finite such as loves or tasted
Finite=bearing tense
Case means that the form of a noun phrase or a pronoun changes according to its grammatical relation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nominative case forms

A

They can be used as a test for subjecthood in English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Three main properties of subjects in English

A

1- normal position is immediately before the verb
2- control subject/verb agreement. Verbs and auxiliaries in the present tense agree with the subject in person and number
3- pronominal subjects (subjects that are pronouns) have a special subject form known as nominative case. These subjects forms are I/we/he/she/they but it only occurs when the verb is auxiliary or finite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Count vs non-count nouns

A

Count: nouns that can be counted

Non-count: mass nouns that can’t be counted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Alienable vs inalienable

A

Inalienable nouns: terms for things you can’t put aside or dispose of (body parts, family members, etc)
Alienable nouns: possessions, animals, food, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

6 types of english determiners

A

Articles, demonstratives, wh-determiners, quantifiers, possessive determiners, pronouns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Two basic functions of adjectives and AP

A

Attributive- directly modify a noun/fixed position

Predicative- work as predicates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Intensifiers (aka degree modifiers)

A

Very, too, quite, etc

38
Q

Adjuncts

A

Optional modifying phrases such as next week, in a week, rather hurriedly, etc

39
Q

Preposition

A

Used to mark locative and temporal information in a language

40
Q

Clause

A

Sentence that contains one predicate

41
Q

Predicate

A

Verb and connected info

42
Q

Simple sentence

A

Contains just one predicate (thus just one clause)

43
Q

Simple sentences that aren’t attached to any other clauses are called…

A

Independent sentences/clauses

44
Q

Typically, an independent clause must contain what type of verb

A

Finite verb

45
Q

Finite verbs (english)

A

Express tense info (info about time of event)

46
Q

How do you check if a verb is finite when it has no inflections (ending/conjugation)?

A

Check the distribution

47
Q

If you find an independent clause with only one verb in it, it is most likely to be…

A

Finite

48
Q

Pronominals

A

Person/number markers representing both subject and object

49
Q

Auxiliary

A

Helping verb

50
Q

Main verb typically has more what compared to an auxiliary verb?

A

Meaning (semantic content)

51
Q

Ellipsis

A

Something left out of the sentence

Ex: Kim hasn’t read the book but he should

52
Q

What 3 main concepts do modal auxiliary verbs reflect?

A

Permission
Necessity
Ability

53
Q

Aspect

A

Verbs that express info as to whether the action of the main verb is completed or unfinished

54
Q

Progressive

A

Unfinished or ongoing action

Ex: been enjoying

55
Q

Perfect

A

Refers to a completed event but which still has relevance to the time of the utterance
Ex: written, played, sung, have been

56
Q

Three ways of expressing all the grammatical categories for verbs

A

1- via the verbal morphology itself
2- via an auxiliary
3- using an independent word

57
Q

Non-finite verbs in English

A

Not marked for tense, person number agreement, aspect, or mood, etc

58
Q

Infinitive and two distributional tests to confirm

A

Bare verb stem with no inflections
1- it’s following a modal auxiliary or form of auxiliary (ex: must leave, could eat that cake)
2- following the infinitive marker to (ex: to err is human, we ought to be leaving)

59
Q

Third person singular infinitive form verb test

A

See if you can get an -s present tense affix and if you can’t, they’re infinitives

60
Q

Participles

A
  • indo European: non-finite verbs that co occur with a finite auxiliary
  • verb forms that can also be used in positions usually filled by adjectives or nouns (ex: the walking person, the believing priest)
61
Q

Coordinating conjunctions

A

Words use to make complex sentences by stringing together simple sentences (but, and, by, etc)

62
Q

Main/matrix vs subordinate clause

A 
Main/matrix= contains main verb
Subordinate= embedded within matrix clause
63
Q

For Mel to act so recklessly shocked everyone; that’s an example of subordinate clauses fulfilling which role?

A

Causal (sentential) subjects= they’re clauses but also meet requirement of matrix verbs to have a subject

64
Q

Adverbial clauses

A

Optional subordinate clauses (not necessary to make sentence grammatical)

65
Q

Root clause

A

Highest clause in a complex sentence

Must contain finite verb

66
Q

Usual way of asking yes/no questions in English

A

Subject/auxiliary inversion = subject of root clause switches places with a finite auxiliary

67
Q

Which clauses in English can have root questions?

A

Root clauses only

68
Q

Three major types of subordinate clauses

A

Complement clauses
Adjunct/adverbial clauses
Relative clauses

69
Q

Verb serialization

A

Two finite verbs following one after the other (usually) in one clause, make up one complex event, must have same subject, only one marker of negation

70
Q

What are the two alternative strategies to subordination?

A

Nominalization and serialization

71
Q

Predicate of a clause is usually what kind of phrase

A

Verb phrase (can contain just a verb or a verb + dependants)

72
Q

When a phrase has a dependant phrase that can’t be omitted it’s called a…

A

Complement

73
Q

Three dependencies invv ing a relationship between a head and its dependants

A

1- heads select dependants of a particular word class
2- requiring the dependants to agree with diff grammatical features of the head (ex: gender in NPs)
3- government by a head

74
Q

Word class of the head determines word class of the…

A

Entire phrase

75
Q

Describe intransitive verbs

A

Take no complement

May have an adjunct within the VP

76
Q

Describe transitive verbs

A

Takes an NP complement (the direct object)

77
Q

Ambitransitive

A

Often a verb can be transitive or intransitive (ex: lee left kim or lee left)

78
Q

Complementizer

A

Word such as that/for/whether which introduces a clause

79
Q

Optional vs obligatory phrases?

A

Optional- adjuncts, complements to adjectives/nouns

Obligatory- complements to verbs/prepositions

80
Q

Limited vs unlimited number of dependent phrases?

A

Head can have unlimited number of adjuncts

Head selects limited number of complements (usually one, sometimes two-three)

81
Q

Two properties of PP dependants

A

PP adjuncts have wide range of head prepositions
PP complements have specific head prepositions in each of their usages (ex: we glanced AT the clock, she sticks TO her diet, etc)

82
Q

Syntactic relationships between heads and their dependants (4)

A

1- postposition/preposition -> object NP
2- verb -> arguments of the verb (ex: subject/object)
3- (possessed) noun -> possessor NP
4- noun -> adjective

83
Q

Head-marking vs dependant-marking

A

Either head is marked with the things like the possessive -s suffix or the dependant is; therefore it’s a characteristic that can distinguish languages

84
Q

Cross-referencing

A

Heads such as verbs and nouns are marked to agree with grammatical properties of their arguments (number, person, gender, etc)

85
Q

How do you spot a direct object?

A

Subject + verb -> what/whom??
Answer is the direct object
Can be a noun, pronoun, or phrase
Sentence won’t make sense without it

86
Q

How do you spot a direct object?

A

Look for the invisible preposition
Answers the question: to/for/from whom?
Sentence should still make sense without it

87
Q

Copula

A

Word that links the subject and the predicate (such as is in the sky is blue)

88
Q

Finite verb

A

Has direct relation with subject or noun
Usually main verb of a clause or sentence
Only present or past tense

89
Q

Non-finite verb

A

Cannot be a main verb of a clause or sentence
Doesn’t show gender tense mood
Includes gerunds, participles and infinitives

90
Q

Subordination vs coordination

A 
Subordination= independent + dependent clause 
Coordination= independent + independent clause
91
Q

Verbs and their arguments

A

There are phrases that are arguments of the main predicate and you have to mark the head (main noun)
Ex: (Wendy) will meet (the new governor) in the hall of the opera; with Wendy and governor being the heads

92
Q

Head-marking vs dependant-marking

A

Head marking= John cheats

Dependant marking= these houses

SFU- Semester 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions