Ling 221: Midterm #1 Flashcards
Three perspectives of examining speech sounds
Production: how sounds are made (ARTICULATORY PHONETICS)
Acoustics: what are the physical properties of speech sounds and how they are transmitted from mouth to ear (ACOUSTIC PHONETICS)
Perception: how the brain sounds are processed by the listener as controlled by the ear/nerves/brain (AUDITORY PHONETICS)
What is phonetics?
The science which studies characteristics of human sound making (especially ones used in speech) and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
British phonetician
Henry sweet
Uses of phonetics
Language teaching Speech disorders Mastering dialects/foreign accents Forensic linguistics Etc
Name for individual speech sounds
Segments or phones
Phonemes
Speech sounds (segments) that carry meaning Ex: b in bet and p in pet
Are pronunciation rules taught or imposed from the outside?
No, they are contained in the grammar (linguistic competence)
What are the three parts of the vocal tract where air flows during speech production
1- sub laryngeal vocal tract (lungs and lower respiratory passages)
2- larynx
3- supra laryngeal vocal tract (pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity)
For vowels, what does open and closed mean?
Open= velum lowered Closed= velum raised
Hyoid bone is the only bone to…
Not be connected to another bone
Different between nasal and nasalized sounds?
Nasal= air only comes out of nasal cavity Nasalized= air comes out of both oral and nasal cavities
Who founded the international phonetic association and when?
Paul passy in 1886
Who created IPA?
Henry sweet
What do diacritics represent?
Quality of a sound
What are the three principles of IPA for using diacritics?
1- you can use diacritics to represent suprasegments (length/stress/pitch/intonation)
2- you can use them to indicate non-phonemic differences
3- you can use them if applying them helps to avoid the use of new IPA symbols
Can there be any contradiction between the IPA principles?
Yes, contradiction can happen between the 2nd (non phonemic differences) and 3rd principle (to avoid creation of new symbols)
If contradiction happens, use 2nd principle (non phonemic differences)
Three phases of stop articulation
Closing phase (approach/shutting) Closure phase (occlusion) Release phase
In a velar stop, what part of tongue is used?
Dorsum (back)
In alveolar fricatives, what part of tongue is used?
Blade (s and z)
Diaphragms role in speech
It separates chest from abdomen and plays a role in respiration and therefore speech
Is the diaphragm relaxed or tense during speech?
Relaxed
Alveoli
Attached to bronchi and are responsible for oxygen exchange
Trachea
Tube made of cartilage
Leads from larynx
Larynx
Made of cartilage and muscle
Sits on top of trachea
Two functions of the larynx
BIOLOGICAL: protects the lungs by stopping food particles and liquid from entering the trachea
LINGUISTIC: makes different sounds (voicing, pitch, whisper, etc)
Larynx contains what?
The vocal folds (two bands of ligament and muscles) which vibrate during the articulation of vowels and many consonants
Space between vocal folds is called?
The glottis
Hyoid bone
Sits at the back of the base (root) of the tongue and at the top of the larynx
Brings about muscular interactions between tongue and larynx
Larynx is made up of five cartilages called
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Two arytenoid cartilages
Supra laryngeal vocal tract is made up of two parts
Upper surface: upper lip, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum, uvula and pharynx
Lower surface: lower lip, tongue, epiglottis
Velum (soft palate)
Soft/muscular part of the roof of the mouth
It can be raised and pressed against the back wall of the pharynx (to shut off nasal cavity)
When the velum is lowered=nasal passages open=nasal or nasalized sounds
Passage that is open between the nasal and pharyngeal cavities when the velum is lowered
Velar port or velic port
What are the two types of transcription
Broad and narrow (has diacritics)
Air in fricatives
Partially obstructed by close approximation of articulators = turbulent airflow
Characteristics of approximant vowels and consonants
Vowels: airflow not blocked or constructed
Consonants: may not stand allow in syllables
What are the two types of liquid approximants?
LATERAL and RHOTIC
Five articulatory dimensions of vowels
Height (lower jaw/tongue)
Frontness
Lip-rounding
Tongue root position (changes size of pharynx)
Velic movement (velum lowered=nasal quality)
