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PSY100 > LIN MIDTERM > Flashcards

LIN MIDTERM Flashcards

vocabulary and practice exam

1
Q

Is vocabulary implicit or explicit?

A

explicit:
(easy to explain what ‘pumpkin’ refers to)

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2
Q

is morphology implicit or explicit?

A

explicit:
(easy to explain what -s in “pumpkins” does)

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3
Q

Are articulatory phonetics implicit or explicit?

A

implicit:
(know we use, but can’t explain, not straightforward how you make the sound [l] or [k])

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4
Q

what is syntax?

A

how to combine words with each other

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5
Q

how is syntactics knowledge both implicit and explicit?

A
  • Explicit is “The chases cat dog the” grammatical?
  • Implicit: Why can you say: “Who came” but not “What you ate?”
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6
Q

what is semantics?

A

How the meaning of a structure is calculated. Semantics calculate means.

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7
Q

what is productivity?

A

languages have a finite set of words which they can combine to form infinitely many sentences.

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8
Q

what is language change?

A

languages are in constant change. Some words disappear, new words must appear. Structures can change.

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9
Q

What is empirical observations?

A

linguists make observations about how people use language
Similar to biologists, but linguistics observe phenomena and try to come up with generalisations

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10
Q

what is prescriptivism?

A

(how language should be used); i.e.; coaches

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11
Q

what is descriptivism?

A

(how language is actually used); i.e.; linguists

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12
Q

Colourless green ideas sleep furiously– Noam Chomsky

A

Grammaticality is not a black and white matter
Who decides what is grammatical and what is not? (language users themselves)

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13
Q

what are the two types of categories of words?

A
  1. lexical categories
  2. non-lexical categories
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14
Q

what are lexical categories?

A
  • content words, words that refer to things in the world (individuals, actions, events, properties, etc)
  • It is generally possible to point to something in the real world that a certain lexical word describes
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14
Q

what are non-lexical (functional) categories?

A

words that do not refer to things in the world, but have grammatical factors

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15
Q

what are examples of lexical categories? (5)

A
  1. Noun (N)- person/place/thing
  2. Verb (V)- action word
  3. Adjective (A)- description
  4. Preposition (P)- [to, in, on, near, at, by]
  5. Adverb (Adv)- describing a verb
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16
Q

what are examples of non-lexical categories? (5)

A
  1. Determiner (det)-
    the, a, this, these, no
  2. Degree word (deg)- too, so, very, more, quite
  3. Modal auxiliary- will, could, would, may, can, should
  4. Non-modal auxiliary- be, have, do
  5. Conjunction- and, or, but
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17
Q

How do we determine the category of a word? MEANING

A

nouns: designate people and things

verbs: designate actions, sensations, and states

adjectives: designate properties of the entities designated by nouns

adverbs: designate properties of actions, sensations, and states designated by verbs

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18
Q

How do we determine the category of a word? INFLECTION

A

Noun- plural/possessiive

Verb- past tense (ed), progressive (ing), third person singular (s)

Adjective comparative (er) superlative (est)

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19
Q

How do we determine the category of a word? DISTRIBUTION

A

Noun: occurrence with a determiner | a car, the wheat

Verb: occurrence with an auxiliary | has gone, will stay

Adjective: occurrence with a degree word | very rich, too big

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20
Q

what is the HEAD of a phrase?

A

The head of a phrase is its most important element. The category of the head determines the category of the phrase

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21
Q

where do specifiers occur?

A

at the edge of a phrase (preceding the head)

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22
Q

where do complements do?

A

provide information about the entities/locations implied by the head (following the head)

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23
Q

what are the different constituency tests>

A
  • the substitution test
  • the movement test
  • the coordination test
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24
Q

what is the substitution test?

A

Certain expressions can be replaced by pronouns (she, they, it), and others, by ‘do so’

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25
Q

what is the movement test?

A

Constituents can typically be moved to different positions in a sentence.

26
Q

what is the coordination test?

A

Constituents can typically be coordinated with other constituents (of the same structure).

27
Q

what are intransitive verbs?

A

Verbs that do not take complements

28
Q

what are transitive verbs?

A

Verbs that take a complement that involves an NP

29
Q

what are direct objects?

A

The NP complement of a verb

30
Q

what complement can adjectives take?

A

Tall, green, smart – very tall Ø

Curious, glad, angry – curious [PP about china]

Apparent, obvious – obvious [PP to the student]

Fond, full, sick – fond [PP of chocolate]

31
Q

what complements can prepositions take?

A

Near, away, down – (he got) down Ø

In, on, by, near – in [NP the house]

Down, up, out – down [PP into the cellar]

32
Q

what is the matrix clause

A

The clause that embeds another

33
Q

what is the complement clause?

A

The embedded clause, which is also the complementizer phrase (CP)

34
Q

how is the complement clause introduced?

A

by the complementizer

35
Q

what are preverbal adverbs?

A
  • adverbs are a lexical category, so when there’s an Adv, there should be an AdvP (but treated as heads only)
36
Q

+pst means what?

A

past tense

37
Q

-pst means what?

A

non past

38
Q

in sentences that are past tense:

A

the subject NP is the specifier and the VP is its complement

39
Q

what are CPs?

A
  • Complementizers are words that introduce a sentence
  • Certain verbs take entire clauses as complements, for example: [TP Jack HOPED [CP that [TP the team would win]]]
40
Q

T-to-C movement

A

Inversion

41
Q

in wh-interrogatives, when would you say ‘who’ and ‘what’

A

who, what (when it occurs by itself)

42
Q

in wh-interrogatives, when would you use a det for ‘what’?

A

when it occurs with a noun (what movie do you want to see?)

43
Q

in wh-interrogatives, when would you use ‘which’?

A

N, when it occurs by itself
Det, when it occurs with a noun

44
Q

in wh-interrogatives, when would you use ‘where’?

A

Adv: where are you going

45
Q

in wh-interrogatives, when would you use ‘when’?

A

adv: when did you move to Canada

46
Q

in wh-interrogatives, when would you use ‘why’?

A

adv: why did you leave the room?

47
Q

in wh-interrogatives, when would you use ‘how’?

A

Adv when it asks about a verb
Deg, when it occurs with an adjective

ex: How did they escape?
How rich are they?

48
Q

interrogatives: (5)

A

Interrogatives have a silent question feature Q+ in the CP head

Polar (Y/N) interrogatives involve T-to-C movement (inversion)

Evidence to T-to-C movement comes from the embedded interrogatives in English: whether + no inversion

Wh-interrogatives involve both T-to-C movement and wh-movement

The deep structure has the wh-phrase in the place of the answer, and then it gets fronted (in English! But not in Mandarin)

49
Q

Who will walk the dog?

A

deep structure

50
Q

Virgilio will walk the dog.

A

surface structure

51
Q

what are parameters?

A

syntactic features that can be set to + or - in a given language

52
Q

when does verb raising occurs (in English)

A

only non-modal auxiliary verbs (have, be)

53
Q

modal auxiliaries:

A

can, will, may, might, could, should, would (TP)

54
Q

non-modal auxiliaries:

A

have, be (VP)

55
Q

modal auxiliaries sit…

A

in the T

56
Q

non-modal auxiliaries sit…

A

in their own VP

57
Q

N questions, non-modal auxiliaries move from..

A

V to T so the can then undergo T-to-C movement. but only if there is no modal auxiliary in the T head

58
Q

what are modifiers?

A

adjectival phrases that can modify a noun

ex; a GOOD friend of the family

58
Q

where is the modifier position?

A

between the specifier and the head

59
Q

modifiers: Summary (4)

A
  • Adjectives and postverbal adverbs are treated either as specifiers nor as complements: they are modifiers
  • Adjectives modify NPs, they branch out from N’
  • Adverbs modify VPs, they branch out from V’
  • When there is a complement or another modifier, there is more than one bar-level node!
60
Q

what are relative clauses?

A

Relative clauses are complementizer phrases (CPs) that modify a lexical word

The relative clause provides more information about the word it modifies

61
Q

relative clauses (summary) (4):

A
  1. Relative clauses modify NPs
  2. The relative CP attaches as the complement of the NP
  3. +Rel feature in the C head of the embedded clause
  4. +Rel triggers movement, too
62
Q
A

PSY100 (3 decks)

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