limitations on personal, religious and political freedoms Flashcards
1
Q
personal freedoms across the period
A
- tsars and communists were controlling - legal system, police, armed forced propaganda and censorship
- generally people had freewill as long as it didn’t conflict with government
- liberal climates short-lived due to repressive measures which came after
2
Q
political freedoms across the period
A
- never a move towards a universal franchise (like the west) but there were some elected groups that briefly represented the people’s views
- whenever leaders felt like they were being challenged → repressive measures
-
ZEMSTAVA (1864) - set up to express views at a rural level
- DUMA (1905) - elections but was a limited franchise
- elections under the Communists did exists but were highly controlled by the nomenklatura e.g Stalin’s Cent Com
3
Q
Political and personal freedoms: A2
A
- emancipation act - promise of liberty and representative body through zemstvo
- judicial changes - jury
- golovin (education minister) broadened curriculum - these changes reversed by dimitri tolstoy
- relaxation of censorship 6 → 66 newspapers (Herzen, the Bell)
4
Q
Political and personal freedoms: A3
A
- repressive - ‘manifesto of an unshakeable democracy’
- 10k arrest of Populists
- statute of state security 1881, Okrahana 1881 and surveillance 1883
- statute of universities 1881
- zemstvo act in 1890 meant they were centralised under ministry of the interior
- Russification – Russia made official language, only 1892 – Municipal Act 10% of population in St Petesrburg and Moscow were eligible to vote
- JPs 1889
5
Q
Political and personal freedoms: N2
A
- similar to father - Years of Red Cockerel suggests he wasn’t as effective
- Duma - became a limited franchise (Electoral Laws 1907) and Fundamental Laws limited power
- St Petersburg Soviet 1905, Moscow Soviet 1906
- Bloody Sunday – Jan 1905 – massacre of unarmed protestors
6
Q
Political and personal freedoms: PG
A
- Soviets tolerated - Dual Authority and over 3000 in Petrograd Soviet
- 8-point-programme (8 hr working day, civil rights ect)
- had a more tolerant approach towards grass-roots political activism - hence why little was done to address unrest
- Kornliov affair - tried to shut down newspapers?
7
Q
Political and personal freedoms: bolsheviks
A
- Cheka – terror – Dec 17
- One-party state - . 1ST DEC – ALL NON-BOLSHEVIK NEWSPAPERS BANNED, CHECKA KILLED 50K APRIL-JULY
8
Q
Political and personal freedoms: Stalin
A
- Absence from work was a crime, skilled workers not allowed to leave their jobs, internal passports introduced
- purges 1928-38
- Stalin presented himself as a goldly genius – eliminated adult illiteracy, propaganda, art acted as a mechanism of propaganda, images of Stalin everywhere → ‘Second Revolution’. Social realism was the only accepted form of art
9
Q
Political and personal freedoms: Khrushchev
A
- New Party Programme - social and cultural changes
- Opposition was still clamped down - Bukovsky, Hungarian Uprising
10
Q
TSARS AND PG: POLITICAL PARTIES
A
- allowed to exist but were heavily controlled
- Emergence of People’s Will, SRs, Kadets etc
11
Q
COMMUNISTS: POLITICAL PARTIES
A
- one party state - communism dominant from March 1918 onwards
12
Q
TSARS AND PG: PRESSURE GROUPS
A
- pre-1905 TU banned
- 1905-1917 - TU
- soviets allowed
13
Q
COMMUNISTS: PRESSURE GROUPS
A
- TU valued but served needs of the government not proletariat
14
Q
Religious freedom across the period:
A
- remained under state control or an extension of state control
15
Q
TSARS AND PG: RELIGIOUS FREEDOMS
A
- Podedonostev - tightened control over clergy but there was an orthodox church expansion (x7 church schools)
- THE JEWS - A2 - expanded rights of rich Jews to live beyond the pale
- A3 May Laws 1882 blamed them for Tsar’s death, widespread pogroms and forced Jews to live in the Pale settlement (95%)
- Non-Orthodox, Protestants, tolerated but encouraged to convert e.g 1883 law Old Believers allowed to pray but no promotion
