extent and reasons for social change

Question 1

birth rates were stimulated by…

Answer 1

industrailisation e.g Great Spurt and 5YP

Question 2

industrialisation stimulated….

what implications did this have?

Answer 2

industrialisation stimulated urbanisation

but this had serious impacts in terms of living standards and availability of housing

Question 3

family values: TSARS vs COMMUNISTS

Answer 3

Emancipation Edict - allowed to marry anyone

Stalin - incentives to maintain family unit and defeat the enemy - money incentives for those with 10 children or more

Question 4

changes in social structure under the Tsars

Answer 4

• hierarchical system - surfs made up 87% of he population
• rural-based society - Russian economy remained underdeveloped - even after Great Spurt British farms were still x4 bigger
• distinction between traditional peasants and industrial worker becoming blurred - development of experts and middle class (Witte)
• workers’ literacy rate rose to 64% by 1905 (improvement)

Question 5

Changes in social structure: Communism

Answer 5

• should have been a classless society - but was characterised by a hierarchical bureaucracy led by a small elite that governed over the people
• even in workers there were rankings - technical experts and privileges - e.g Stalin’s pay differentials, workers’ control decree Nov 1917, Stakovnite movement, by 1930s, 1.5mil workers had been promoted to managerial positions
• still some agricultural focus - collectivisation, MTS, 1927 over 5mil wooden ploughs still being used

Question 6

changes in secondary education: tsars

Answer 6

• A2 - improved curriculum - doubled the number of attending pupils 1885
• A2 - there was a state-sanctioned curriculum
• tolstoy - limited franchise
• A3 - ban on lower class children attending secondary schools

Question 7

changes in university: tsars

Answer 7

• A2 promoted growth of universities
• A3 - Statute of Universities 1881
• N2 - Stolypin made all non-academic meetings of students at universities were made illegal (due to rise of intelligentsia)

Question 8

changes in secondary schools: communists

Answer 8

• 1939 - Stalin scrapped school fees
• Lenin - opted for a polytechnic model (specialist skills), creation of academies - progressive policies limited by restrictive measures
  1918 - made education compulsory, promised free school meals but thanks to WC this was not achieved