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ATPL POF > Limitations > Flashcards

Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

What safety factor is added to aircraft structure

A

1.5 time stronger than the expected maximum load

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2
Q

What is the minimum load limit (design load limit) of modern transport aircraft

A

2.5

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3
Q

What is the minimum load limit (design load limit) of utility aircraft

A

4.4

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4
Q

What is the minimum load limit (design load limit) of aerobatic aircraft

A

6

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5
Q

How well must a aircraft withstand the load limit

A

Without damage or bending

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6
Q

What is the ultimate load limit

A

1.5 x DLL

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7
Q

What is the ultimate load limit for transport aircraft

A

3.75

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8
Q

What is the ultimate load limit for utility aircraft

A

6.6

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9
Q

What is the ultimate load limit for aerobatic aircraft

A

9

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10
Q

How well does a aircraft need to withstand the ultimate load limit

A

Bending /overstressing is allowed but not breaking / causing permanent damage

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11
Q

How does mass affect load factor

A

It doesn’t, just a ratio of lift times weight

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12
Q

What are the minimum load limits for a transport aircraft

A
  1. 5

- 1

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13
Q

What is the minimum ultimate load factor for transport aircraft

A
  1. 75

- 1.5

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14
Q

How does load factor affect stall speed

A

Higher load factor = higher stall speed

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15
Q

What is Va

A

Designed manoeuvre speed

Tends to be slightly less than 2.5g stall speed

As long as u are below this speed you won’t overstress the aircraft

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16
Q

What is Vb

A

Speed for max gust intensity

Must be able to withstand gust of 66ft/ second up or down @ 20,000ft

38ft / second up / down @ 50,000ft

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17
Q

What is Vfe

A

Max speed for flap extension

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18
Q

How does mass affect Va

A

Mass up = stall speed up = Va up

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19
Q

How does flaps affect Va speed

A

Can’t go as fast = smaller envelope = reduces stall speed = reduces Va

20
Q

What is Vra (Vturb)

A

Turbulent penetration speed

21
Q

What is Vc

A

Design cruise speed

Max speed you can go in cruise before overstressing aircraft

22
Q

What is Vmo

A

Maximum operating speeds

Max speed that must not be intentionally exceeded during any phase of flight

23
Q

What is Vne

A

Velocity never exceed

For little planes

24
Q

What is Vd

A

Design dive speed (design death speed)

Fastest you can go in a dive without breaking aircraft

Gust intensity requirement of 25ft / second @ 20,000

25
Q

What is Mmo

A

Max operating Mach number

At higher alt Mmo becomes restrictive and then replaces Vmo as the max limiting speed reference

26
Q

What is Vno

A

Max structural cruise speed

Applicable to small aircraft

Slow end of yellow arc

27
Q

What is Vle

A

Max landing gear extended speed

Max speed at which the aeroplane can be flown with gear down and locked

28
Q

What is Vlo

A

Max landing gear operating speed

Although Vlo May be the same as Vle it is usually slower because gear doors are not properly braced when traveling

29
Q

What affect does a downgust have on lift

A

Less AOA

Less lift

30
Q

What effect does a up guest have on lift

A

More AOA

More lift

31
Q

What affect does up and down gusts have on load factors

A

Up gust = higher load factor

Down gust = Lower Load factor

32
Q

How does a gust change load factor

A

Gusts cause change in load factor due to change in lift due to change in Cl due to a change in AOA

33
Q

How does altitude affect load factor change due to gusts

A

Less change in AOA therefor less load factor change

34
Q

How does speed affect the change in load factor due to a gust

A

Faster speed = greater increase in load factor

35
Q

How does aspect ratio affect the change in Load factor for a gust

A

High aspect ratio = high change in load factor

36
Q

How does weight affect change in load factor due to gust

A

Proportionally

Heavy = less change in load factor

37
Q

How does manoeuvring affect the change in load factor due to gust

A

Less affect

The harder you make the wing work the less gust load effect

38
Q

What is the shape of the gust load envelope from 1g

A

Symmetrical

39
Q

What is the shape of the manoeuvre envelope

A

Not symmetrical

40
Q

What is flutter

A 
Gust = increase AOA 
= twist round flexural axis 
= once gust removed = wing springs back 
= bends down 
= keeps repeating = getting worse
41
Q

How can you resist flutter

A

Make wing stronger

Mass balance infront of flexural axis (engine)

Can move flexural axis forward

Sweep back wing

42
Q

How do control surfaces affect flutter

A

Gust striking aileron / movement of aileron = makes it worse

43
Q

What is low speed aileron reversal

A

Slow flight

Wing at high AOA

Left aileron down (to roll right)

AOA increases

Stall

Roll left

44
Q

What is high speed aileron reversal

A

Aileron down at high speed

Up force

Twists round flextorial axis

Leading edge down

Wing = negative AOA

High speed aileron reversal

45
Q

What wing is high speed aileron reversal worse

A

Straight wing

46
Q

What affect does a rearward movement of CG have on downwash

A

Reduces downwash

47
Q

What affects Va

A

Mass and pressure altitude

ATPL POF (12 decks)

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