Flight, Climb, Descending, Turning Flashcards
In level flight what does lift =
Weight + tailplane downforce
How do under slung engines affect the downforce required from the tailplane
They reduce the force required
What is climb angle related to
Air mass
What is flight path related to
Ground related
What is the flight path angle
Angle between the aircrafts path and local horizon
What are the 2 components of pitch angle
AOA
Flight path angle
What is the component of lift that acts downwards in climb
Wcosgamma
What is the component of weight along the flight path
Wsingamma
What is the equation for excess thrust
Singamma = (T-D)/ w
What is the component of weight a acting perpendicular to the flight path
(Also can be lift)
L= wcosgamma
Where does Vx occur for a jet aircraft
Vmd
4° AOA
Cl/Cd max
Where is Vx for a propeller aircraft
Vmp (0.76Vmd)
What is a formula for climb gradient %
(Height change x 100) / horizontal distance
What is another equation to calculate % climb gradient
Sin gamma = (T-D)/w
What does the “second segment” mean
Loss of one of the critical engines
Vmd can be found at tangent to which curves?
Drag polar
Power required (different to trust required)
What is the min climb gradient for a twin engine jet in the second segment
2.4%
What is the min climb gradient for a 3 engine jet in the second segment
2.7%
What is the min climb gradient for a 4 engine jet in the second segment
3%
What does descent angle =?
Pitch angle + AOA
Is pitch angle positive or negative
Negative
Is descent angle positive or negative
Positive
What is the equation for angle of descent in still air
sin gamma = (D-T) / W
What speed is used in emergency decent and how is this achieved
Vmo (velocity max operating)
Mmo (Mach max operating)
Idle power
Spoilers
What is the equation for glide descent
Sin gamma = D/W
What is the equation for glide range
Height x l/d ratio
When is the greatest glide distance achieved
When l/d ratio is greatest
What speed do you glide at for max range
Vmd
What speed is the best glide endurance
Vmp (0.76Vmd)
When will the endurance change with mass
More mass less endurance
I’m still air how does mass affect glide range
Same range as Light aircraft
In a headwind how does mass affect glide range
Heavy mass = glide further
In a tail wind how does mass affect glide range
Light aircraft = further glide
What is the formula for centripetal force
= mv^2/r
Where v is in m/s
What does load factor =
1/cosangle
What is the equation for angle of bank
Tan angle = v^2/ rg
Where v is in m/s
What effect does mass have on the turn radius
No effect
what is a rate 1 turn
3°/ second
1 min / 180°
2 min / 360°
What is s rate 2 turn
6°/ second
What is a rate 3 turn
9°/ second
What is the equation for rate of turn
(TAS / radius) x 60
What happens to rate of turn if you double the speed
Double speed = 1/2 rate of turn
What is the approx angle of bank in a rate 1 turn
(TAS / 10)+ 7
Where TAS is in knots
What effect will w climbing turn have on bank
Tendency to overbank
“Climb over things”
What effect does a descending turn have on angle of bank
Tendency to under bank
“Descend under things”
How can side slip be caused
Turned too much
How can skid be caused
Not turning enough
Do turn coordinators show angle of bank?
NO
What happens to controllability when stability increases
Decreases
What is positive static stability
Object initially wants to return to equilibrium
What happens in neutral static stability
Object wants to initially stay where it is
What happens in negative static stability
Object initially moves away from equilibrium
What are the 2 ways to maintain equilibrium
Pilot input
Trim input
What is negative static
Negative dynamic
Aperiodic stability
Initially moves away from equilibrium and keeps going
What is neutral static
Neutral dynamic
Aperiodic stability
Initially doesn’t move away or closer to equilibrium
And remains at a constant distance away from equilibrium
What is positive static
Negative dynamic
Periodic stability
Initially moves towards equilibrium
Oscillates
Oscillations get bigger and eventually run away and become so big they don’t return to equilibrium
What is positive static
Neutral dynamic
Periodic stability
Initially moves towards equilibrium
Oscillations remain at a constant amplitude
What is positive static
Positive dynamic
Aperiodic stability
Initially moves towards equilibrium
No oscillations
What is positive static
Positive dynamic
Periodic stability
Initially moves towards equilibrium
Oscillates
Oscillations decreases in size
An aircraft in trim is in equilibrium, but an aircraft in equilibrium is …
Not necessarily in trim
What is the aerodynamic centre
The point around which the pitching moments are constant
How to calculate the moments around the pitching centre (aerodynamic centre)
Lxd = m
M= monentd D = distance between aerodynamic centre and cp L = lift
Where is the aerodynamic centre of s symmetrical aerofoil
25% chord
Where is the aerodynamic centre for a cambered aerofoil
23-27% chord
Where is the aerodynamic centre in supersonic flight
50% chord
What is the absolute AOA
The angle between the raf and the aerofoil zero lift line
What is the component of lift in the climb
Wcosangle
What is the component of excess drag in w descent
Wsinangle
Formula for rate of turn
TAS/ radius x60
Where tas is m/s
What is the radius of s turn
V^2/gtanangle