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JPaxTV Film Notes > Lighting AND Grip & Electric > Flashcards

Lighting AND Grip & Electric Flashcards

Contains Lighting Theory/Techniques. AND on set G&E notes.

1
Q

LEDs are monochromatic by default, which means that they can only emit one wavelength of light, which translates to one colour. So, to overcome this, manufacturers will often_________

A

put together Red, Blue and Green LEDs to recreate white light that has the full spectrum of colour.

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2
Q

HMI (advantages) 1

A
  • Very bright & Strong Output. (Output is at a temperature of 5600K, which matches daylight very closely)
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3
Q

Diffuser

A

Name given to numerous materials used in front of a light to soften it; wire mesh (lettuce & tomato), silk, gauze, frosted glass, gels, or spun glass.

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4
Q

Low Key Lighting

A

Sharp contrast between light and shadow

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5
Q

LED’s (disadvantages) (2)

A
  • -monochromatic by default. (perceived color change on devices is caused by mixing LED’s of different colors)
  • -cost per light output ( isn’t able to affordably produce as much light as some of the high wattage HMIs.)
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6
Q

What is a CTO gel generally used for

A

Place this on the front of an HMI lighting instrument to balance its color temperature to that of a Tungsten lamp

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7
Q

what is broad side/broad lit?

A

more well lit side

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8
Q

What is a Halogen Quartz Bulbs?

A

Incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed into a compact transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine. which allows the Tungsten Filament to run much hotter without breaking down (hotter than its melting point) and thus give more light.

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9
Q

What is HMI Power range HMI’s are powered by _____

A

from 500W to 20,000W electric ballasts because of the high voltages needed, and most are powered by standalone generators.

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10
Q

What is the Key Light ? what does it determine?

A

Main Source of Lighting. It is first light set. It determines the exposure setting.

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11
Q

WHAT IS THE BASIC UNIT OF CURRENT?

A

THE AMP

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12
Q

Are fluroscent soft or hard

A

soft by design unlike tungesten/halogen

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13
Q

In most shoot setups Fluoroscent’s are used in what kind of construction ______

A

banks: a cluster of tubes.

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14
Q

Redheads Typically use____ watts of electricity and can be powered on ____

A

800 watts standard house circuit, so long as you don’t use too many in one room.

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15
Q

the color temperature of an HMI lamp designed to match daylight

A

5600

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE BASIC UNIT OF ELECTRICAL POWER IN A DC CIRCUIT?

A

THE WATT

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17
Q

LED’s are

A

Light Emitting Diodes re tiny diodes that emit light when electricity passes through them. They are incredibly efficient, converting over 75% of the electricity passing through them to visible light. They are an old technology that has only recently evolved to a point where LEDs can produce enough quality light to use on a production.

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18
Q

Amps

A

The amount of electricity available

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19
Q

Most common placement of key light is slightly _____ of subject and _______ degrees from camera off to one side

A

slightly above and 45 degrees

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20
Q

Dingle

A

A piece of cut-off foliage to provide the lighting effect of a tree shadow on the subject.

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21
Q

Edison

A

A wall outlet.

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22
Q
  • What are Fresnel Fixtures?
  • What kind of lenses is most commonly attached?
A
  • Lantern that has a lens at the front of the housing to focus and direct the light in various ways.
  • A Fresnel lens is the most commonly attached. lenses - that modify the beam of light by intensifying, widening or narrowing it more than a regular Fresnel would.
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23
Q

The most common types of lighting equipment are (5)

A
  • Tungsten Filament,
  • Halogen Quartz,
  • Fluorescent,
  • HMI and
  • LED.
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24
Q

How is fluorescent flicker controlled?

A

Via electronic ballast

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25
Q

What is Fill light and where is it typically placed?

A

Oftentimes a soft, diffused light used to counteract the harsh shadows created by the key light. Typically placed by the camera so it doesn’t cause shadows or affect exposure.

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26
Q

the color temperature of a tungsten lamp designed to match indoor lighting

A

3200

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27
Q

LED’s (advantages) (9)

A
  • Small, lightweight, portable
  • Don’t need ballasts. Can be powered by batteries.
  • Don’t get as hot as other types of light
  • Even lighting w/ no artifacts (even dimmed to 5%)
  • One light can output different temperatures and colours without the need for gels. -
  • Excellent dimming by means of pulse width modulation control.
  • Eco Friendly. (No mercury or other toxic metals that can leak in case of an accident).
  • Long Lifespan
  • No risk of explosions incase of accidents (unlike HMIs.)
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28
Q

WHAT ARE FIVE SOURCE’S OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY?

A

MAGNATISM, HEAT, LIGHT, CHEMICAL, AND PRESSURE.

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29
Q

Beef

A

The output of light.

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30
Q

Compact Fluorescent Lights of CFL’s.

A

newer type of fluorescent bulbs that are smaller, some as small as household tungsten bulbs. Compact Fluorescent Lights of CFL’s.

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31
Q

paramount too low becomes what

A

becomes flat

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32
Q

Halogen Quartz Bulbs disadvantages? (2)

A
  • Don’t convert energy efficiently. (Like like regular filament bulbs, they generate a lot of heat.)
  • Creates hard lights. (Just like Tungsten lights So light modifiers are needed to soften and control the light.
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33
Q

changes the intensity of a light by a half camera stop (about 30%)

A

single net or scrim

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34
Q

lighting subject directly achieves

A

flat light

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35
Q

what is rembrandt lighting? achieved how?

A

a triangle of light on cheek, achieved by positioning camera on broader side of subject

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36
Q

How is Paramount lighting set? Achieves what?

A

light set in front of subject but slightly raised, creates butterfly shadow under nose. Feminine lighting pattern, shadows accentuate cheekbone, giving depth to face

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37
Q

FLUORESCENT LIGHT. How does it work?

A

Fluorescent lights are tubes filled with mercury vapor and the inside walls of the tube coated with a fluorescent powder. When electricity passes through the tube it excites the mercury vapor which gives off UV light. The UV light isn’t particularly useful on its own, but when it hits the fluorescent coating on the inside of the tube, the whole tube glows, giving us useable light.

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38
Q

Softy is a ___type of fixture.

A

tungsten/halogen open face type of fixture.

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39
Q

How many 650-Watt lights can be plugged into a standard 120-Volt, 15-Amp outlet?

A

1

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40
Q

Volts

A

The speed of the electricity

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41
Q

What do you mount on a baby stand?

A

Lighting Instrument

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42
Q

Halogen Quartz Bulbs advantages? (4)

A
    • Cheap for their light output, (quite common.)
  • Very accurate and excellent color rendition,
  • Wide output from 500W to 2500W. (Able to generate much more heat than Tungsten due to glass having a higher Quartz content)
  • No Off and On Wait times.
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43
Q

What type of lighting modifier has a green border?

A

Single net

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44
Q

What are Tungsten Filament bulbs

A

as the name suggests, filaments made of Tungsten enclosed in a glass bulb that is filled with an inert gas. Tungsten Filament bulbs are probably the cheapest way to create light and despite their inherent disadvantages, still give one decent value for money when on a tight budget.

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45
Q

Fluorescent Light Disadvantages (3)

A
  • cost more than Tungsten.
  • (major) flicker. (especially house lights) evident when shooting at frame rates not in sync with the electricity frequency of region
  • poor color accuracy (especially household’s)
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46
Q

Cookie

A

a.k.a. Cukaloris. An opague flag with a design cut into it which allows light to pass through somewhat mottled and shadowed.

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47
Q

Baffle

A

A moveable wall covered with acoustic material and used to reduce sound reverb during filming.

48
Q

‘Dress the cable’ means?

A

Avoid trip hazards and leave the slack coiled at the base of the light stand.

49
Q

split lighting achieves what affect

A

more masculine; high drama

50
Q

What is HMI by simple verbal definition?

A

Hydrargyrum Medium-arc Iodide, or HMI in short, is a type of light that was developed specifically for film and entertainment lighting applications..

51
Q

Yoke

A

The “Y” or “U” shaped bracket attached to a light allowing it to be affixed to a stand, arm, etc.

52
Q

FLUORESCENT LIGHT - ADVANTAGES (5)

A
  • Efficient in converting Electricity to Light (unlike Tungsten and Halogen)
  • Give off very little heat
  • Fairly mobile
  • Require less power
  • Require less modifiers
53
Q

Knuckle Clamp

A

(Gobo Head, Happy Head, Hollywood Head) Two discs on a pin connector that attach to a C-Stand with the ability to clamp around objects.

54
Q

Older HMIs were powered by magnetic ballasts which had horrible flicker when shooting at irregular frame rates, but these were replaced by_______. Modern HMI’s can shoot comfortably up to ____ FPS

A

electronic ballasts 10,000 fps and higher

55
Q

Tungsten Lights Disadvantages (2)

A
  • overall light output is not very bright, and they are quite inefficient and generate a lot of heat. Although you can increase the number of bulbs to increase the collective light output, this also increases the amount of heat generated.
  • Hard Light. (Because they are usually very small in size, so they often need to be used in conjunction with modifiers.)
56
Q

what is checker board light

A

creates depth, contrast, light up background on dark side of subject, leaves background dark on light side of subject

57
Q

A Magic Arm, or Noga Arm

A

A Magic Arm, or Noga Arm is a piece of mounting equipment that has a ball head on both ends to allow movement in any direction, a mounting stud on one end, a pivoted joint in the middle and a mounting plate with a stud on the other end to mount a small piece of equipment. It’s like an extra arm that you can attach anything with a standard ¼’’ thread to and it allows you to mount small sized equipment at impossible angles. It’s very useful for mounting field monitors on cameras, and mounting small lights or mics in very awkward angles.

58
Q

Open Faced Fixture’s are:___ and are often used for___

A

just a bulb inside the light housing, a reflector to direct the light one way and a clear glass panel at the front to protect the bulb. They do not have lenses attached to the front of the light and cannot be focused. Open Faced fixtures are often used to create hard light that casts hard shadows.

59
Q

Ambient Light

A

Environmental light or general non-directional light that naturally illuminated an Actor or scene

60
Q

HMI (disadvantages) (6)

A
  • requires generator
  • heaviest, bulkiest.
  • Require a few minutes to come up to temperature.
  • must cool down for at least 10-15 before turning them on again (or bulb could blow)
  • emit harmful light that requires treated lenses
  • significantly more expensive than other bulbs
61
Q

Hard Light creates what

A

clearly lined shadows

62
Q

what is loop lighting

A

paramount lighting moves slightly to side, creates shape of loop on cheek

63
Q

Red Head is a ____ similar to a _____. It directs light via____ but also has ___(modifiers)___ Redheads Typically use____ watts of electricity and can be powered on ____

A

open-face light similar to a shop light. via a reflector to direct the light forward, but also has built-in attachments to use barn doors and scrims. You can use the yoke to attach it to a light stand and use a knob to tilt the light.

64
Q

What light source will be found in most traditional construction flood lights and security lights, car headlamps, and in cinema, on the lower end of film lights.

A

Halogen

65
Q

WHAT IS THE BASIC UNIT OF RESISTANCE?

A

THE OHM

66
Q

How are Halogen Quartz Bulbs like Tungstens

A

use Tungsten Filament but is encased inside a much smaller quartz envelope

67
Q

How are Halogen Quartz Bulbs dislike Tungstens

A

uses a different type of glass that has a much higher Quartz content so that it can withstand much higher temperatures without breaking.

68
Q

What is a Fresnel Lens

A

A Fresnel lens is the most common. It’s a type of lens that is divided into concentric circles. It evens out the light and allows one to vary the beam of light from spot to flood by moving the bulb closer or further away from the lens.

69
Q

Softy is designed to be used with a ___ in front of it

A

soft box

70
Q

Disadvantage of a softy

A

can’t focus the light. They flood the light in a forward direction but don’t let you spot the light. The only way to do that is to use a lens.

71
Q

Tungsten advantages (3)

A
  • cheap,
  • can generate a decent amount of light
  • easy to move around and control.
72
Q

Unlike other lights HMI lamps have no _____

A

filament

73
Q

How does an HMI generate light?

A

An HMI bulb contains mercury vapor mixed with other metal halides enclosed in a Quartz-glass bubble. Electricity is passed through the mixture in the bulb by two electrodes which excites the mercury vapor mixture and it creates an arc which generates an intensely bright light

74
Q

Kelvin

A

Color Temp expressed in degrees. Kelvin is a measure of color output not operating temperature. Ranges from 1,000K (candle light) to 10,000K Blue Sky

75
Q

Candle Color Temperature

A

1000k-1900k

76
Q

Tungsten Color Temp

A

3200k

77
Q

HMI Color Temp

A

5600K blue hue

78
Q

During the first few hours of an HMI Bulbs life what will happen

A

Color Temperature will be 15,000k. Should be left on to reach the optimal range of 5600K

79
Q

Can HMI be dimmed? If so - to what effect?

A

can only be dimmed to 50% but causes color temperature to be a stronger blue

80
Q

Fluorescent Color Temperature Range

A

2700k-6500k

81
Q

LED Color Temp Range

A

3000k-5600k

82
Q

Daylight film reproduces accurately at ____K

A

5600k

83
Q

Four Objectives of Lighting:

A

-visibility -naturalism -composition -mood

84
Q

3 things the Cinematographer can do to reemphasize depth in the image

A
  • accentuating the outlines of characters and obects
  • contrasting color and brightness of different planes
  • move camera which reveals depth with the relative motion of different planes.
85
Q

A common way to create separation in planes

A

a backlight

86
Q

a cinematographer can choose to separate planes by ____

A

lighting background, middle ground and foreground at contrasting levels.

87
Q

A dull background can be made exciting by lighting it how?

A

Break up background with textured light. ex. a corrugated metal building appears as a pattern of vertical lines; a brick wall becomes a pattern of regular rectangles.

88
Q

It is helpful to think of lighting as two related endeavors

A

lighting the actors (especially faces) and the scene

89
Q

what kind of lights threaten low key naturalistic scenes

A

strong ideal lights

90
Q

A reverse approach, that works well for low key naturalistic scenes

A

approach by primarily lighting the space, adding to it only when neccesary to increase face exposure.

91
Q

DP forms a lighting strategy based on 2 things

A

1- the camera position of the forhtcoming shot, choosing the lighting directions that best serve that shot (actors directions & movement)

2 - all other camera angles likely to follow

92
Q

In some situations it is helpful to motivate the color of the light source, this allows the DP to use ____

A

color separation - technique for breaking up foreground, middle ground, and background.

93
Q

Practicals afford what opportunity?

A

Opportunity to cheat the key light.

To where it will look best on the actors face.

94
Q

_______ tells our brains the shape of an object

A

Tonal variations.

95
Q

Textbook key light position is

A

45 degrees above and 45 degrees to one side of actor. Creates rembrandt.

96
Q

Most often key light is somewhere between ______(degrees)_____from a frontal position to the subject and between _______(degrees)_____ above the subjects head.

A

0 to 90 degrees

0 to 45 degrees.

97
Q

A key light can come from any direction that ______

A

reveals at least some of the features of the face. (below, overhead, 3 quarters back, side)

98
Q

What is Far Side Key

A

Key light is on the opposite side of eye line to camera.

(therefore allows shading to fall across part of actors face that is near side to camera)

(called far side because Key lights far side of face. Sometimes called Short Key, because side of face that hits key is away from camera.

Much more common & preferred than Near Side Key.

99
Q

What is Near Side Key

A

Key light in on side of camera (in regards to actor eye line) . Lighting the actors side of face that is near camera.

Also know as a Dumb Key or broad key.

100
Q

Front light was a convention of glamour cinematography. It achieves what effects on subject & scene.

A

minimizes features, flattens image. Prevents image from revealing shape, form, texture, contrast.

101
Q

To prevent front light from flattening out whole scene, do what?

A

Angle it down, and cut it off with modifiers.

102
Q

what is “wrap the key”

A

use a second side light key, to wrap actor’s far cheek with a soft source.

103
Q

What does “wrap the key” achieve

A

lightens the face without over-filling from the front.

104
Q
A
105
Q

What is a Back Cross Key

A

The key light for one actor may well serve as a backlight or edge light for another actor. (usually in a scene with 2 or 3 actors facing various directions)

106
Q
  • Adding too much light to the background can ________
  • The gaffer should looks for ways to ___(do what)____ to the background.
A
  • flatten everything out
  • break it up, create variation, gradation or specific highlights.
107
Q

Ambient Light

A
  • General fill throughout the set.
108
Q

An incident light reading can be expressed in one of two ways

A
  • Foot Candles(FC)
  • or f-stops.
109
Q

What is contrast ratio?

A

comparison of the intensity of the key light & fill light.

110
Q

How do you get a contrast ratio with an incident reader

A

place infront of actors cheek, protect reader from back lights. Note the change between key lights, and fill lights.

111
Q

Darkness of fill side of subject greatly infuences ____ tone of image

A

emotional

112
Q

If the key + fill reads: 120 FC. And the fill alone reads 60 FC. What is the contrast ratio?

A

2:1 (or 120:60)

113
Q

For most normal situations the contrast rartio is

A

(2:1 to 4:1)

114
Q

A three stop difference, or 8:1 puts the fill in ___

A

near darkness.

115
Q

A bright sunny day has a typical ___ ratio

A

8:1 (requiring additonal fill light to lower contrast ratio)

116
Q

If an exterior is 5 stops brighter than an interior. Is it advisable to evenly compromise the light difference between the windows and the interior?

A

No, a compromise in the middle will result in a a dark/muddy interior. Instead bring the light outside down.

117
Q

To look natural, an exterior should be brighter than an interior but by ______ stops.

A

2 to 2 1/2

(not 5)

JPaxTV Film Notes (10 decks)

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