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JPaxTV Film Notes > Everything Sound Related > Flashcards

Everything Sound Related Flashcards

1
Q

How does a hyper/super cardioid achieve directionality?

A

by means of an interference tube. Tube works by making sounds from the side or back strike simultaneously cancelling themselves out, hence longer the tube the more directionality.

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2
Q

The more directional a mic the more sensitive it is to ______

A

wind noise

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3
Q

When recording 2 persons, better than panning a long directional mic back and forth, what are 2 other options?

A

use a less directional mic, or 2 mics would be better

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4
Q

are cardiod mics like the magnification of a zoom lenses (y/n)

A

no, they don’t magnify sound. They eliminate competing background noise

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5
Q

what is a balanced mic cable

A

two wires of a standard cable are enclosed in a third sheath like wire. insulates from electronic interference

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6
Q

how do you recognize a balanced mic cable

A

3 contacts on connector (instead of 2)\

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7
Q

what is impedance

A

<p>a measure of resistance of any audio device to the flow of electric current. measured in ohms represented by z</p>

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8
Q

why is low impedance equipment preferable

A

allows you to use several hundred feet of cable without picking up a hum.

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9
Q

the difference between mic level and line level in/output

A

both refer to voltage level of signal. mics are typically connected to mic level inputs, most other audio devices (mixers, pre-amps) use line level

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10
Q

what is rough voltage level of mic

A

varies based on voice level, but quite small. -60db(.001 volt)- -40 dbv.(.o10 volt)\

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11
Q

what is voltage of line level?

A

0 dbv (1.000 volt) 1,000 times higher than mic]

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12
Q

what is dbv?

A

1 volt = 0.dbv

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13
Q

different types of audio signal ?

4types

A

-mic levels,
-line levels,
instrument levels,
speakers levels\

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14
Q

why is line level better than mic level?

A

<p>less susceptible to interference</p>

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15
Q

wireless mics aren’t really wireless they use_____

A

radio transmitter and receiver

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16
Q

always position receiving antenna____

A

as close to transmitter as possible

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17
Q

check and replace transmitter/receiver batters how often?

A

every few hours

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18
Q

what is a field mixer

A

a field mixer allows you to take inputs from various audio source, combine &amp; control them, and then output signal to a camera or recorder. Can also be used to control signal before receiving it

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19
Q

A good position for a lavalier mic?

A

in the middle of chest at sternum

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20
Q

the problem with clipping lav to collar

A

too close to subjects voice box and can use variations if subject turns head

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21
Q

when clipping mic to clothing it is essential to

A

listen for cloth rubbing noise

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22
Q

worst fabrics for lav?

and best?

A

worst: silk and synthetic
best: cotton, wool

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23
Q

3 solutions to prevent cloth rubbing against mics

A

<p>-small cages are avaialbe, rolled up tape,

| tape cloth to both sides of mic, prevents movement</p>

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24
Q

how do you prevent subject from accidentally pulling cable

A

leave slack, create a strain relief loop

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25
Q

how do condenser mics work

A

use a capacitor circuit to generate electricity from sound and they need power supplied to them to work (tend to be more expensive than alternative mics)

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26
Q

where does condenser mic’s power come from

A

batteries in mic case; mic cable; or recorder

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27
Q

what are electrec condenser mics

A

employ a permanently charged electret capacitor, can be made cheaply. May require no power supply.

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28
Q

how does dynamic moving coil mic work

A

a very thin diaphragm of material is attached to a coil of thin copper wire. coil is suspended in magnetic field and when sound vibrates the diaphragm it moves up and down creating a small electric current. requires no batteries.

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29
Q

how are dynamic moving coil mics typically used

A

musical performers, amatuer recordists, many pro’s

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30
Q

are dynamic moving coil mics more or less sensitive than condenser mic’s?

A

typically less sensitive. usually quite rugged and resilient to noise.

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31
Q

what is pick up pattern

A

configuration of directions in space in which mic is sensitive to sound

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32
Q

what is omni/omnidirectiona

A

respond equally to sounds coming from any direction

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33
Q

what is cardioid

A

most sensitive to sound, coming from front. less sensitive to sound coming from side

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34
Q

<p>super cardioid aka \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_ are \_\_\_\_\_ then regular cardioid's</p>

A

short shotgun;
mini shotgun,
even less sensitive to sounds coming from side and behind

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35
Q

hyper cardioid aka ____, ____ or ____ are ____

A

long shotgun, long shotgun

extremely insensitive to sounds from side. picks up some sound from behind.

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36
Q

bi-directional mics have ____ pickup pattern, generally used in_____ for ______

A

figure 8 pickup pattern on either side. used in a studio, between two people talking.

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37
Q

boundary microphones are used how, with what pick up pattern and for what? AKA_______

A

mounted close to a wall @ have a hemispherical pattern, used for recording a group of people - when mic cant be closer. AKA pressure zone mic.

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38
Q

difference in volume btwn the quieter point and loudest point is called____

A

dynamic range

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39
Q

the human ear has a dynamic range of _____ db

A

130 db

40
Q

in audio recording systems dynamic range is sometimes called____

A

signal to noise ratio (s/n)

41
Q

“signal” is the ____

A

the sound we want to record

42
Q

“noise” can be__

A

can be system noise from amplifiers and circuits in recorders

43
Q

noise floor is ?

A

where the sound signal gets lost in the limits of digital recording

44
Q

analog recorders have (more or less) dynamic range b/c of ____

A

less; because tape hiss is always present

45
Q

A good quality recorder should be able to record audio without compression (y/n) ?

A

Yes

46
Q

A standard audio file format for pro video BWF stands for?

A

Broadcast Wave Form

47
Q

BWF is based on common microsoft format

A

.Wav

48
Q

BWF includes meta data such as

A

timecode, date/time, bit depth, sample rate, etc

49
Q

how does BWFm handle multi-track recording?

A

BWF(monophonic) creates a seperate mono file for reach channel of audio

50
Q

how does BWFp handle?

A

BWF(polyphonic) combines all four channels would be recorded as a single file

51
Q

At the high end of the codec quality spectrum _____ compression can reduce data rate w/o degrading audio

A

.Flax (Free Lossless audio Codec)

52
Q

other notable audio compression formats?

A

WMA (windows media audio) MP3 (MPEQ2-layer3) AAC (MPEG4-Audio)

53
Q

what is mirroring?

A

recorders can write files to two different memory cards at the same time

54
Q

most lavs are? (cardiod or omnidirectional) ?

Many have a ____ frequency response

A
  • omnidirectional

- flat frequency response

55
Q

A lav clipped to someone’s

shirt may not get enough (trebble or bass) ?

A

trebble

56
Q

A good position for a lavalier is ______ (specifically)

A

middle of chest

57
Q

musical notes are pitches. Lower notes are _____ & the higher notes are ______

A

bass

trebble

58
Q

what is perceived as a pitch is determined by ____ of the sound wave?
(analagous to light & color)

A

frequency

59
Q

frequency is a measure if _____

A

how the waves of sound/pressure strike the ear

60
Q

(Hz) is ____ measurement of

A

Hertz

measurement of frequency in cycles (also Khz) per secound

61
Q

doubling any frequency produces a tone ____

A

one octave higher

62
Q

harmonics or overtones are

A

tones that sound ‘musical’

they are multiples of the fundamental frequency of a vibrating object

63
Q

define frequency response

A

used to describe how an audio system responds to variable frequencies of sound

64
Q

human ear favors _____ frequency @ low volume, and at high volume is more _____

A

middle frequency

even or flat

65
Q

if you change the low/middle/high frequency you can change ___

A

character of all the sounds

66
Q

Loudness is measured in

A

(dB) decibles

67
Q

The softest of sounds occurs at _____

A

0 db

68
Q

The volume of normal conversation is about _____

A

65 DB

69
Q

The threshold of pain is about ____ db

A

130DB

70
Q

loudness/volume results from amounts of ____ produced by sound wave.

A

pressure

71
Q

Bit Depth Refers to

A

how accurately we measure samples

72
Q

Digital Systems use a measurement scale to record the ____ of each level

A

voltage

73
Q

In a 256 bit system the quietest sound could be given level

A

1

74
Q

Typical progressional video cameras use ___ bit systems. high quality recording systems use____

A

16;

20 or 24 or more

75
Q

using more bits doesn’t mean recording louder sound because___

A

The maximum volt signal is divided by the bit depth. For ex. the 1 volt maximum signal is divided into eight levels (for a 8 bit system) & 16 (for a 16 bit)

76
Q

bit depth is the # of bits in each ___

and directly corresponds to the resolution of each ____

A

sample

sample

77
Q

In digital sound is converted to ____ then the Analog to digital (A/D) converter processes it by _____

A

voltage;

repeatedly measuring the voltage level (sampling it) and converting those measurements to number (quantizing)

78
Q

Quality of recording depends on how often & accurately we

A

sample

79
Q

What is a Same Rate (audio)

A

Sample Rate is number of samples of audio carried per second, measured in Hz or kHz

44100 samples per sec - 44/1 kHz

80
Q

A sampling rate needs to be _____ the maximum frequency we hope to capture

A

twice

81
Q

too low a sample rate results in _____

A

aliasing

82
Q

higher the sample rate, the better the _____ and _____

A

frequency response;

quality

83
Q

CD Quality & typical web sample rate is ___

A

44.1 kHz

84
Q

standard video cameras and recorders use ____ sample rate

A

48 kHz

85
Q

very high end records use ____ sample rate

A

at 96 kHz or even 192 kHz

86
Q

how does analog tape recording work?

A

converts sound energy in air to magnetic energy on tape. When tape is played back the reveres process reproduces sound

87
Q

microphone responds to sound waves by producing ____ waves, that have essentially the same character in terms of ______ and _______.

A

electrical

frequency

amplitude

88
Q

How does a dynamic mic work internally

A

Sound pressure moves diaphragm which moves coil past a magnet creating an alternating electric current (voltage)
Voltage then travels to a preamplifier, which increases its strength.

Although in a different form, voltage possesses the same frequency & amplitude as original sound pressure & can be used to recreate recording.

89
Q

a recording head converts voltage to _____, which is then stored on ______

A

magnetic

tape

90
Q

what is confidence monitoring?

And it’s benefit

A

listening to an actual recorded sound from file/tape.

You can be sured everything is recorded satisifactorily

91
Q

When sending audio to another system, what is preferable digital or audio

Why?

A

preferable not to use analog outputs

because that means covering digital audio to analaog then back to digital again

92
Q

is professional dialogue usually recorded in mono or stero?

A

mono

93
Q

how do condensor mics work

A

use a capacity to generate electricty from sound, and they need power supplied to them to work. (more expensive)

94
Q

where does condensor mic power come from?

A

batteries in mic case; mic cable; or recorder

95
Q

what are electret condensor mics?

A

employ a permanently charged electret capacity, can be made cheaply. May require no power supply, a very thin diaphragm of material is attached to a coil of thin copper wire. Coil is suspended in a magnetic field, and when sound vibrates the diaphragm it moves up and down creating a small electric current. Requires no batteries

96
Q

how does dynamic moving coil mic work

A

uses a wire coil and magnet to create audio signal. Diaphragm attached to coil. When diaphragm vibrates, coil moves backwards and forward past magnet

97
Q

dynamic coil mics are typically used by?

are they more or less sensitive then condensors?

A

musical performers, amateur recordings

typically less sensitive, usually quite rugged.

JPaxTV Film Notes (10 decks)

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