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MCAT physics & math > Light and Optics > Flashcards

Light and Optics Flashcards

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1
Q

Radio waves are

A

Long, low frequency

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2
Q

Gamma rays are

A

Short, high frequency

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3
Q

Order of light lowest to highest

A

Radio,microwave,infrared, visible, UV, x-ray, gamma

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4
Q

Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum because

A

Magnetic and electric fields causes reciprocal changes in each other independent of matter

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5
Q

A=angstrom

A

10^-10 m

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6
Q

Speed of light

A

c=3 x 10^8

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7
Q

Speed equation

A

c=f(wavelength)

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8
Q

Red light wavelength

A

400 nm

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9
Q

Violet light wavelength

A

700 nm

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10
Q

Blackbody

A

Ideal absorber of all wavelengths that would appear completely black at a lower temp than surroundings

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11
Q

Rectilinear propagation

A

When travels through a homogeneous medium, it travels in a straight line

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12
Q

Reflection

A

Rebounding of incident light waves at a boundary of a medium

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13
Q

Law of reflection

A

Angle 1=Angle 2

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14
Q

Normal

A

Line drawn perpendicular to the boundary of a medium

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15
Q

Real image

A

If light actually converges at the position of the image

Can be projected on a screen

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16
Q

Virtual image

A

If light only appears to be coming from the position of the image, but doesn’t converge there

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17
Q

Plane mirror

A

Flat and reflective, causes no convergence or divergence of reflected light ray

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18
Q

Plane mirrors always create

A

Virtual images, because the light doesn’t converge

Create the appearance of light rays originating from behind the mirrored surface

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19
Q

O

A

Object

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20
Q

I

A

Virtual reflected image

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21
Q

Center of curvature

A

C= point on the optical axis located at a distance equal to the radius of curvature from the vertex of the mirror
(If it were a complete sphere)

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22
Q

Concave surface

A

Inside sphere

Concave like looking into a cave

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23
Q

Convex

A

Looking on the outside of a sphere

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24
Q

Where is the center of curvature for a concave surface

A

In front of the mirror

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25
Q

Where is the center of curvature for a convex mirror?

A

Behind the mirror

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26
Q

Converging mirrors

A

Concave

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27
Q

Diverging mirrors

A

Convex

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28
Q

Lenses- converging lens

A

Convex

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29
Q

Lenses-diverging lens

A

Concave

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30
Q

focal length

A

f=distance between focal point (F) and the mirror

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31
Q

f for all spherical mirrors

A

f=r/2

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32
Q

o

A

distance between object and mirror

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33
Q

i

A

distance between image and mirror

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34
Q

Relationship of focal length and distances

A

1/f=1/o + 1/i=2/r

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35
Q

Image with positive distance (i)

A

Real image (in front of the mirror)

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36
Q

Image with negative distance (i)

A

Virtual distance (behind mirror)

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37
Q

Plane mirrors have what kind of focal length

A

infinitely large

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38
Q

Plane mirrors have what kind of radius and

A

Infinite

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39
Q

What is the image distance for plane mirrors

A

i= -o

Same distance in front as behind

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40
Q

Magnification

A

m= -i/o

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41
Q

Negative magnification

A

inverted image

42
Q

Positive magnification

A

Upright image

43
Q

If |m| is less than one

A

Image is smaller than object

44
Q

If |m| is larger than one

A

Image is larger than object

45
Q

If |m| =1

A

Image is the same size as the object

46
Q

When the object is at the focal point

A

Reflected rays are parallel and the image is at infinityy

47
Q

If object is outside the focal point of a concave mirror

A

The image is real, inverted, and magnified

48
Q

If the object is inside focal point of a concave mirror

A

Image is behind mirror, enlarged, and virtual

49
Q

For a concave mirror, a light ray that is reflected parallel to the mirror

A

The light is reflected back through the focal point

50
Q

For a concave mirror, light that is reflected through the focal point

A

Is reflected parallel to the mirror

51
Q

For a concave mirror, light that is reflected at the axis intersection of the mirror,

A

Is reflected back with the same angle from the normal

52
Q

Image is

A

Where the reflected light converges

53
Q

A convex mirror only forms

A

A virtual, upright, reduced image

54
Q

Focal length for converging mirrors and lenses

A

Positive

55
Q

Focal length for diverging mirrors and lenses

A

Always be negative

56
Q

When would focal length and radius be negative

A

Convex, diverging lens

57
Q

Converging lenses or mirror, Inverted images are always (IR)

A

real

58
Q

Converging lenses or mirror, upright images are always (UV)

A

virtual

59
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and changes speed

60
Q

Index of refraction

A

n=c/v

n=index of refraction

61
Q

Snell’s law

A

n1sin1=n2sin2

62
Q

When light enters medium with a higher index of refraction

A

Bends towards normal

63
Q

When light enters medium with a lower index of refraction

A

Bends away from normal

64
Q

Critical angle (thetac)

A

Where refracted angle 2=90 degrees

65
Q

Critical angle equation

A

Angle c=sin ^-1 (n2/n1

66
Q

Total internal reflection

A

All light incident on a boundary is reflected back into the original material
With any angle greater than critical angle

67
Q

When does total internal reflection occur?

A

When moving from a medium with a higher refractive index to a lower one

68
Q

Lenses

A

Two surfaces that affect light path and 2 focal points

69
Q

Converging lenses are

A

Thicker at the center

70
Q

Diverging lenses are

A

Thinner at the centre

71
Q

Parallel lines into a converging lens will

A

Converge

72
Q

Parallel lines into a diverging lens will

A

Diverge

73
Q

Lensmaker’s equation

A

1/f=(n-1)(1/r1-1/r2)

74
Q

What lens has a negative focal length and radius?

A

Concave

75
Q

What lens has a positive focal length and radius?

A

Convex

76
Q

If a ray enters the center of a lens

A

It continues straight through with no diffraction

77
Q

Ray parallel to axis on lens

A

Will refract trhough focal point on other side of lens

78
Q

Ray through focal point before lens

A

Refracts parallel to the axis

79
Q

Real side of a lens

A

Opposite of where it goes in, where the light goes after interaction

80
Q

Virtual side of lens

A

Side same as light source

81
Q

A convex lens is a

A

converging lens

82
Q

A concave lens is a

A

Diverging lens

83
Q

Power

A

P=1/f

in diopters

84
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Myopia

85
Q

Farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

86
Q

Multiple lens focal lengths

A

1/f=1/f1 + 1/f2 + 1/f3…

87
Q

Equivalent power of multiple lenses

A

P=P1 + P2 + P3

88
Q

Multiplication of multiple lenses

A

m=m1 x m2 x m3

89
Q

Spherical aberration

A

Blurring of the periphery of an image as result of inadequate reflection of parallel beads at the edge of a lens- multiple images with different image distances

90
Q

Because index of refraction affects speed of light, it also affects

A

Wavelength

91
Q

Dispersion

A

When various wavelengths of light separate from each other

92
Q

What does not change as light enters a medium with different index of refraction

A

Frequency

93
Q

What light experiences the least amount of refraction through a prism?

A

Red, smaller wavelength (slower)

94
Q

Diffraction

A

Spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening or around and obstacle

95
Q

As light moves through a very small slit it,

A

Diffracts, spreads out

96
Q

Location of dark fringes equation

A

asin=n(wavelength)

a=width of slit
angle=dark fringe to lens center and axis
n=number of fringe

97
Q

Interference

A

Displacement of waves added together

98
Q

Where are bright fringes

A

Halfway between dark fringes

99
Q

Equation for double slip dark fringe position

A

dsin=(n +1/2)(wavelength)

d=distance between 2 slits

100
Q

Diffraction grating

A

Multiple slits arranged in patterns -creates many colors- interference of reflected rays

101
Q

Plane polarized (linearly polarized) light

A

Light in which electric fields of all waves are oriented in the same direction - stereoisomers

MCAT physics & math (9 decks)

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