Ligaments

Question 1

Ligaments exhibit nonlinear anisotropic mechanical behaviour

Answer 1

Frank, (2004)

Question 2

Both ligaments and tendons are strong and flexible

Answer 2

Nordin and Frankel, (2001)

Question 3

Stress/ strain can be normal or shear

Answer 3

Matucci, (2000)

Question 4

Description of ligaments

Answer 4

Butt et al., (2015)

Question 5

ALL damage has been implicated in mechanism of whiplash injury
Especially during the initial hyperextension sigmoid phase where highest distractions measured at C5/6

Answer 5

Stemper et al., (2006)

Question 6

Ossification of PLL involves multiple etiological factors including genetics but is believed that mechanical stress plays a strong role
Characterised by ectopic bone growth within the ligament

Answer 6

Jian et al., (2011)

Question 7

Ossification of the PLL is more prevalent amongst Japanese, commonly affects the mid-cervical region and causes signs and symptoms of myelopathy. Treatment can include decompression of fusion surgery depending on clinical indication

Answer 7

Mitha et al., (2003)

Question 8

Defects in the collagen gene and glucose intolerance are commonly found in ossification of the PPLL

Answer 8

Mitha et al., (2003)

Question 9

Ligaments can stretch up to a max of 4% their original length before disruption.
Strain greater than 4% is assoc with rupture of up to 50% of fibres and moderate tearing

Answer 9

Frank, (2004)

Question 10

When ligaments repair/ regenerate they do so through formation of scar tissue which is significantly weaker

Answer 10

Frank, (2004)