Factors in Initiation of Ossification

Question 1

Mechanisms of intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Answer 1

Moore and Persaud, (2008)

Question 2

Drawing of endochondral ossification

Answer 2

Mackie et al., (2008)

Question 3

Ossification of the neural arches occurs bi-directionally from 2 centres in cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar areas, 2 centres per arch

Answer 3

Bagnall et al., (1977)

Question 4

PAX genes responsible for segmentation of sclerotomes

Found in fetal vertebrae around weeks 7-8 when ossification is intiated but not later at weeks 10-12

Answer 4

Smith and Tuan, (1994)

Question 5

PAX 1 and 9 likely have a synergistic effect as double mutant mice had a worse phenotype than those only 1 mutation

Answer 5

Peters et al., (1999)

Question 6

Notochord also involved as removal of the notochord results in a fused cartilagenous tube

Answer 6

Fleming et al., (2001)

Question 7

Role of mechanobiology in development of the VC - gasp reflex initiates ossification in the cervicothoracic region for the neural arches

Answer 7

Bagnall et al., (1977)

Question 8

Mechnobiology= how a cell reacts to its environment by detecting measuring and responding to external forces

Answer 8

van der Meulen and Huiskes, (2001)

Question 9

Wolffs law is the mathematical law that states how bone will remodel its external form and internal structure as a response to the load it is placed under

Answer 9

Brand, (2010)

Question 10

Mechanostat theory
Bone growth and bone loss is stimulated by the local mehcanical elastic deformation and bone
Much more observation based and no maths

Answer 10

Frost, (2003)

Question 11

Relative loss of bone mineral density after birth as no longer kicking against the uterine wall

Answer 11

Land and Schoenau, (2008)

Question 12

Chick knee experiment

Answer 12

Nowlan et al., (2007)

Question 13

Muscle absence features

Answer 13

Nowlan et al., (2010)