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lifestyle health and risk Flashcards

1
Q

how is loss of heat when sweating related to the dipole nature of water molecules?

A
  • uneven distribution of charge
  • forms h bonds w other water molecules
  • requires a lot of heat energy to break these bonds
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2
Q

how do the properties of water make it an ideal transport medium?

A
  • water is a solvent
  • water molecules surround ions
  • h bonds form between water mols and solute mols
  • water is liquid so has the ability to flow
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3
Q

what is a suitable control for the daphnia investigation?

A
  • solution with no caffeine/ distilled water
  • to compare with caffeine solutions/ to show that the solvent has no effect on heart rate
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4
Q

which drug reduces blood pressure?

A

antihypertensives

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5
Q

which chamber of the heart generates the highest blood pressure?

A

left ventricle

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6
Q

how do pressure differences in the heart ensure efficient pumping of the blood into the arteries?

A
  • pressure increase in the ventricles
  • greater pressure in the ventricles than in the atria
  • causing av valves to close
  • causing the sl valves to open
  • forcing blood into the arteries
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7
Q

why can high blood pressure increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease?

A
  • causes damage to the endothelium of the arteries
  • inflammatory response/ build up of cholesterol leads to the formation of an atheroma
  • plaque develops and narrows the lumen of the artery
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8
Q

how could the diet of a person affect the development of CVD?

A
  • high salt intake
  • increases blood pressure
  • high blood pressure causes damage to endothelium of artery
  • high intake of cholesterol/ saturated fat
  • high LDLs linked to atheroma formation
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9
Q

what is the role of LDLs in the development of atherosclerosis?

A
  • LDLs carry cholesterol in the blood
  • cholesterol is deposited to form atheroma
  • in the endothelium of the artery
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10
Q

how can atherosclerosis result in damage to the heart muscle?

A
  • narrowing of lumen of coronary arteries
  • which reduces blood flow/ oxygen to the cardiac muscle
  • which reduces aerobic respiration
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11
Q

what is the role of thrombin in blood clotting?

A

*thrombin is an enzyme
* which catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
* a mesh of fibrin traps platelets/ rbc to form a clot

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12
Q

what would a diagram of a triglyceride look like if a fatty acid was unsaturated?

A
  • double bond between carbon atoms
  • a kink in the fatty acid chain
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13
Q

how does glucose move into cells by facilitated diffusion?

A
  • carrier protein in cell surface membrane
  • glucose moves from high to low concentration
  • glucose binds to carrier protein
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14
Q

how does the structure of glycogen allow it to be an energy store?

A
  • polymer of glucose
  • to provide glucose for respiration
  • branched/ has many terminal ends/ has I,6 glycosidic bonds for rapid hydrolysis
  • compact to allow large amount of glucose to be stored in a small space
  • insoluble so has no osmotic effect on cells
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15
Q

how do the structures of amylopectin and glycogen make them suitable for storing energy?

A
  • branched so can be rapidly hydrolysed
  • compact so more energy can be stored
  • insoluble so has no osmotic effect
  • too large to diffuse across cell surface membrane
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16
Q

what reagent can be used to show if vitamin C is present?

A

DCPIP
goes from blue to colourless

17
Q

what is the function of the SL valve in the aorta?

A
  • opens as blood pumped into aorta
  • valve closes during diastole
    *prevents backflow of blood from aorta back into the left ventricle
18
Q

why would platelet inhibitors reduce the risk of a heart attack?

A
  • reduce risk of blood clotting
    *less likely that coronary arteries will be blocked
19
Q

how does the structure of a vein relate to its function?

A
  • large lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow back to the heart
  • valves prevent back flow of blood
  • thin layer of muscular tissue / elastic tissue to maintain blood pressure
  • smooth endothelium to reduce resistance to blood flow
20
Q

explain how a blood clot could form in a blood vessel

A

artery endo damaged which exposes collagen
releases thromboplastin
catalyses conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrin forms a mesh of fibres that trap rbc and platelets
forming a blood clot

21
Q

explain how atherosclerosis in one part of an artery could increase the likelihood of it developing in another part of the same artery

A

plaques narrow the lumen
further increasing blood pressure

22
Q

state 2 possible side effects of taking drugs to reduce blood pressure

A

nausea
muscle cramps
fainting
kidney failure

23
Q

describe how high blood pressure could be reduced by medication and lifestyle changes

A

treatment w antihypertensive medication
reduce salt intake
stop smoking
increase exercise
reduce weight

24
Q

describe the reaction that joins 2 a-glucose molecules to form a disaccharide

A

condensation
water is formed

25
Q

give one structural difference between amylose and amylopectin

A

amylose is unbranched and amylopectin is branched

amylose has only 1,4 glycosidic bonds but amylopectin has 1,4 and 1,6

26
Q

State the type of reaction where two monosaccharides join to form a disaccharide
molecule.

A

Condensation

27
Q

Which bonds joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide molecule?

A

Glycosidic

28
Q

Name the two monosaccharides that are produced when sucrose is broken down.

A

Fructose
Glucose

29
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of a disaccharide with glycogen.

A

Both contain C,H,O
Both contain glycosidic bonds
Both contain glucose
glycogen contains 1,4 and 1,
6-glycosidic bonds whereas disaccharides only contain one type of glycosidic bond
glycogen only contains glucose whereas disaccharides can contain glucose and other monosaccharides

30
Q

Describe the structure of an unbranched polysaccharide.

A

polysaccharide made up of many monosaccharide components

joined together by (condensation reactions / glycosidic bonds)

(only) 1-4 glycosidic bonds present / no 1-6
glycosidic bonds present

31
Q

Explain why high levels of sugars in a person’s diet could lead to obesity.

A

energy intake higher than energy output

(excess) (energy / sugars) can be (stored as / converted to) fat

leading to weight gain

32
Q

A student stated that loss of heat when sweating is related to the dipole nature of water
molecules.
Justify this statement.

A

Water has an uneven distribution of charge
So water forms hydrogen bonds w other water molecules
And it requires a lot of heat energy to break these bonds
To allow water to evaporate

33
Q

Name the type of reaction in which a molecule of water is involved in the breaking of a bond
in another molecule.

A

Hydrolysis

34
Q

State the type of blood vessel that has no collagen in its wall.

A

Capillary

35
Q

Explain how blood tests and obesity indicators can be used to collect data to predict the risk of developing CVD.

A

Blood test to measure cholesterol levels
High cholesterol level increases risk
Calculate BMI
BMI above 30 increases risk

bio questions (6 decks)

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