lifestyle health and risk Flashcards
how is loss of heat when sweating related to the dipole nature of water molecules?
- uneven distribution of charge
- forms h bonds w other water molecules
- requires a lot of heat energy to break these bonds
how do the properties of water make it an ideal transport medium?
- water is a solvent
- water molecules surround ions
- h bonds form between water mols and solute mols
- water is liquid so has the ability to flow
what is a suitable control for the daphnia investigation?
- solution with no caffeine/ distilled water
- to compare with caffeine solutions/ to show that the solvent has no effect on heart rate
which drug reduces blood pressure?
antihypertensives
which chamber of the heart generates the highest blood pressure?
left ventricle
how do pressure differences in the heart ensure efficient pumping of the blood into the arteries?
- pressure increase in the ventricles
- greater pressure in the ventricles than in the atria
- causing av valves to close
- causing the sl valves to open
- forcing blood into the arteries
why can high blood pressure increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease?
- causes damage to the endothelium of the arteries
- inflammatory response/ build up of cholesterol leads to the formation of an atheroma
- plaque develops and narrows the lumen of the artery
how could the diet of a person affect the development of CVD?
- high salt intake
- increases blood pressure
- high blood pressure causes damage to endothelium of artery
- high intake of cholesterol/ saturated fat
- high LDLs linked to atheroma formation
what is the role of LDLs in the development of atherosclerosis?
- LDLs carry cholesterol in the blood
- cholesterol is deposited to form atheroma
- in the endothelium of the artery
how can atherosclerosis result in damage to the heart muscle?
- narrowing of lumen of coronary arteries
- which reduces blood flow/ oxygen to the cardiac muscle
- which reduces aerobic respiration
what is the role of thrombin in blood clotting?
*thrombin is an enzyme
* which catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
* a mesh of fibrin traps platelets/ rbc to form a clot
what would a diagram of a triglyceride look like if a fatty acid was unsaturated?
- double bond between carbon atoms
- a kink in the fatty acid chain
how does glucose move into cells by facilitated diffusion?
- carrier protein in cell surface membrane
- glucose moves from high to low concentration
- glucose binds to carrier protein
how does the structure of glycogen allow it to be an energy store?
- polymer of glucose
- to provide glucose for respiration
- branched/ has many terminal ends/ has I,6 glycosidic bonds for rapid hydrolysis
- compact to allow large amount of glucose to be stored in a small space
- insoluble so has no osmotic effect on cells
how do the structures of amylopectin and glycogen make them suitable for storing energy?
- branched so can be rapidly hydrolysed
- compact so more energy can be stored
- insoluble so has no osmotic effect
- too large to diffuse across cell surface membrane
what reagent can be used to show if vitamin C is present?
DCPIP
goes from blue to colourless
what is the function of the SL valve in the aorta?
- opens as blood pumped into aorta
- valve closes during diastole
*prevents backflow of blood from aorta back into the left ventricle
why would platelet inhibitors reduce the risk of a heart attack?
- reduce risk of blood clotting
*less likely that coronary arteries will be blocked
how does the structure of a vein relate to its function?
- large lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow back to the heart
- valves prevent back flow of blood
- thin layer of muscular tissue / elastic tissue to maintain blood pressure
- smooth endothelium to reduce resistance to blood flow
explain how a blood clot could form in a blood vessel
artery endo damaged which exposes collagen
releases thromboplastin
catalyses conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrin forms a mesh of fibres that trap rbc and platelets
forming a blood clot
explain how atherosclerosis in one part of an artery could increase the likelihood of it developing in another part of the same artery
plaques narrow the lumen
further increasing blood pressure
state 2 possible side effects of taking drugs to reduce blood pressure
nausea
muscle cramps
fainting
kidney failure
describe how high blood pressure could be reduced by medication and lifestyle changes
treatment w antihypertensive medication
reduce salt intake
stop smoking
increase exercise
reduce weight
describe the reaction that joins 2 a-glucose molecules to form a disaccharide
condensation
water is formed
give one structural difference between amylose and amylopectin
amylose is unbranched and amylopectin is branched
amylose has only 1,4 glycosidic bonds but amylopectin has 1,4 and 1,6
State the type of reaction where two monosaccharides join to form a disaccharide
molecule.
Condensation
Which bonds joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide molecule?
Glycosidic
Name the two monosaccharides that are produced when sucrose is broken down.
Fructose
Glucose
Compare and contrast the structure of a disaccharide with glycogen.
Both contain C,H,O
Both contain glycosidic bonds
Both contain glucose
glycogen contains 1,4 and 1,
6-glycosidic bonds whereas disaccharides only contain one type of glycosidic bond
glycogen only contains glucose whereas disaccharides can contain glucose and other monosaccharides
Describe the structure of an unbranched polysaccharide.
polysaccharide made up of many monosaccharide components
joined together by (condensation reactions / glycosidic bonds)
(only) 1-4 glycosidic bonds present / no 1-6
glycosidic bonds present
Explain why high levels of sugars in a person’s diet could lead to obesity.
energy intake higher than energy output
(excess) (energy / sugars) can be (stored as / converted to) fat
leading to weight gain
A student stated that loss of heat when sweating is related to the dipole nature of water
molecules.
Justify this statement.
Water has an uneven distribution of charge
So water forms hydrogen bonds w other water molecules
And it requires a lot of heat energy to break these bonds
To allow water to evaporate
Name the type of reaction in which a molecule of water is involved in the breaking of a bond
in another molecule.
Hydrolysis
State the type of blood vessel that has no collagen in its wall.
Capillary
Explain how blood tests and obesity indicators can be used to collect data to predict the risk of developing CVD.
Blood test to measure cholesterol levels
High cholesterol level increases risk
Calculate BMI
BMI above 30 increases risk
