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bio questions > biodiversity and natural resources > Flashcards

biodiversity and natural resources Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of endemic?

A

only found in one geographical location

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2
Q

what effect does successfully interbreeding have on genetic diversity?

A
  • increases
  • because of introduction of new alleles into the population
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3
Q

what is the definition of an allele?

A

different form of a gene

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4
Q

what information is needed to compare the biodiversities of 2 woodlands?

A
  • biodiversity measured using a diversity index
  • species richness
  • genetic diversity of populations
  • presence of any endemic species
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5
Q

what aseptic techniques should be used when working safely with bacteria?

A
  • flaming instruments
  • keeping lids off for minimum time
    *sterilising work surfaces
  • working near a bunsen burner
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6
Q

why can some bacteria grow rapidly in skin wounds?

A
  • warm temperature increases rate of reactions in bacteria
    *availability of energy source from tissue/ blood
  • availability of water for bacterial cell funtions
  • good oxygen availability for aerobic respiration
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7
Q

how do breeding programmes in zoos maintain genetic diversity of captive populations?

A
  • animals selected to prevent breeding between closely related individuals
  • a stud book is used to select individuals for mating
    *exchange of animals between zoos
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8
Q

why are healthy volunteers given different doses of the drug or a placebo?

A
  • check for side effects
  • different doses to determine safe dose
  • placebo to make sure any side effects were due to drug
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9
Q

how would clinical trials of a vaccine be conducted?

A

*healthy volunteers given vaccine to test for side effects
*tested for presence of antibodies to the virus
*patients given the vaccine
*number of people who develop the virus after vaccination are monitored

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10
Q

what are suitable conditions for keeping seeds in a seed bank?

A

cold, dry

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11
Q

what role does a placebo have in producing valid conclusions?

A
  • provides a control group for comparison
    *ensuring that drug is causing the effect
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12
Q

what role does a double blind trial have in producing valid conclusions?

A
  • neither doctors nor patients know who has been given the acc drug
    *ensures bias has been removed from the trial
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13
Q

compare and contrast modern drug testing with William witherings method

A
  • both use diff doses to determine safe dose
  • William did not use healthy volunteers
    *William did not use a placebo
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14
Q

what is the relationship between the structure and functions of a grana in photosynthesis?

A
  • grana formed from many layers of thylakoid membrane to increase sa
  • thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll to absorb light
  • electron carrier molecules in thylakoid membrane involved in ATP production
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15
Q

what monomer makes up cellulose?

A

beta glucose

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16
Q

compare and contrast the structure of cellulose and amylopectin

A
  • both polymers of glucose
    *both have 1,4 glycosidic bonds
    *cellulose beta glucose, amylopectin alpha
    *cellulose not branched, amylopectin is
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17
Q

what properties can lignin give to cell walls?

A

strength and waterproofing

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18
Q

what is the role of the middle lamella when a plant cell completes mitosis?

A
  • produced between adjacent new cell
  • because middle lamella holds cell walls together
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19
Q

what are the effects of a shortage of Mg+ on a plant?

A
  • limits production of chlorophyll
  • lack of glucose due to less photosynthesis
  • leaves may be yellow/ stunted growth
20
Q

why does a sieve tube element not require RER and ribosomes?

A
  • no transcription so no ribosomes needed for translation
  • no proteins synthesised to be processed in RER
21
Q

what is the structure of starch?

A
  • polysaccharide made from alpha glucose
  • monomers in the chains joined by 1,4 glycosidic links
  • contains amylose and amylopectin
    *branches joined to chains by 1,6 glycosidic links
22
Q

why must starch be broken down before it can be used by cells of a growing plant?

A
  • produce glucose
  • which is used in respiration
23
Q

what is the difference in number of mitochondria in sieve tube elements and companion cell?

A
  • CC has more
  • role of ST is to provide channel so cellular contents are kept to a minimum
    *ST has limited ability to carry out aerobic respiration
    *ATP supplied to ST from CC
24
Q

what is meant by the term tensile strength?

A

the pulling force a fibre can withstand before breaking

25
Q

why are captive breeding programmes important for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • increase population size of species
  • increase genetic diversity
  • prevents extinction
26
Q

justify continued funding of seed banks

A

conserves genetic diversity of crops
crops protected from natural disasters
crops kept may have traits useful in future eg disease resistance
helps ensure future food security

27
Q

what is meant by species richness?

A

measures number of species in a habitat

28
Q

what is meant by heterozygosity index?

A

a measure of genetic diversity within a population
OR
proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population

29
Q

explain how would the index of diversity change if herbicides were sprayed on a lawn?

A

decrease
fewer species present

30
Q

explain why captive breeding programmes are important for maintaining biodiversity

A

increases population size of species
maintains/ increases genetic diversity
therefore prevents extinction of species

31
Q

give 2 reasons why snow leopard cubs born in captivity have not been released into the wild

A

needed for captive breeding programme
would be at risk if released
not prepared for reintroduction

32
Q

explain why the agar plate was incubated at 25ºC

A

to allow bac to multiply
without encouraging pathogenic organisms

33
Q

explain the advantages of drying seeds before storage

A

extends storage time of the seeds

because drying prevents germination/ decomposition

34
Q

justify the benefits of storing seeds

A

prevent species from becoming extinct

safeguarding genes that may prove useful in the future

allow for reintroduction of species

35
Q

explain why bacteria are able to multiply in the bloodstream when they enter the body

A

warm conditions/ water/ glucose/ amino acids/ ideal pH available

suitable temp/ pH for bacterial enzymes

glucose used for respiration/ energy

amino acids used for growth

36
Q

explain why the use of bamboo fibres to make coffee cups is sustainable

A

available to future gens

renewable resource

more bamboo plants can be grown

37
Q

Plant-based products provide a sustainable alternative to oil-based plastics. The tensile strength of plant fibres can be tested using different methods.
One method is to attach both ends of a fibre to clamps horizontally and hang increasing numbers of masses until the fibre breaks.
A second method is to attach one end of a fibre to a clamp and the other to a forcemeter, pulling on the forcemeter until the fibre breaks.
Explain which method will give more accurate results.

A

second because exact value will be shown on forecemeter

first is less accurate cos true value will be between 2 masses

38
Q

which variables need to be controlled when testing the tensile strength of fibres

A

temp
humidity

39
Q

describe how tensile strength of fibres can be measured

A

tensile strength calculates as a factor of force divided by cross sectional area of fibre

add force/ weight/ mass to a fibre

measure force/ weight/ mass required to break fibre

calculation of cross sectional area

40
Q

explain how the structure and properties of starch are related to its function as a storage molecule

A

contains glucose needed for respiration/ energy

insoluble so has no osmotic effect

amylose is coiled making starch compact

amylopectin is branched so is rapidly hydrolysed

41
Q

describe the positions in the stem of the tissues that contain lignin

A

sclerenchyma fibres on the outer side of the vascular bundle
xylem vessels on the inside

42
Q

describe the importance of magnesium ions in the production of plant fibres

A

magnesium is essential to produce chlorophyll
chlorophyll is necessary to produce glucose during photosynthesis
glucose needed to produce cellulose for the cell walls

43
Q

describe the arrangement of glucose monomers in a cellulose molecule

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds
alternative monomers inverted

44
Q

explain why they are now classed as diff species

A

no longer able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

because pops have become reproductively isolated

45
Q

to which group do fungi belong

A

eukaryota

46
Q

describe how the hardy- Weinberg equation can be used to provide evidence for changes in a population

A

calc allele frequencies
regular sampling over a period of time

47
Q

explain how molecular phylogeny can be used to show that 2 pops are reproductively isolated

A

compare similarities/ diffs in DNA/ proteins

compare amino acid sequences

more diffs, more likely they are to be reproductively isolated

bio questions (6 decks)

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