Lifestyle and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a healthy lifestyle?

A

A way of living which lowers the risk of being seriously ill or dying early
Physical, mental and social wellbeing

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2
Q

What are the basic 5 areas approach?

A

Emotion, physiology, cognition, behaviour and situation + events

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3
Q

What is the dietary consideration in diabetes type I and II?

A

Consider need for weight loss
Carbohydrate is main consideration in managing glycaemic control
Consider effects of diet on lipids and blood pressure

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4
Q

Describe carbohydrate counting in type I diabetes

A

Quick acting insulin dose - 1:10g so i unit for each 10g
1:3mmoll means 1 unit brings glucose down by 3mmoll

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5
Q

Describe type I diabetes and eating disorder

A

Reducing insulin to control weight, may involve binging behaviours and associated with poor glycaemic control
Recurrent DKA
Insulin omission
High morbidity and mortality

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6
Q

Explain alcohol and diabetes

A

Reduces glycogenolysis, alcohol contains calories so causes fall in glucose
Same limit as everyone but more than 2-3 units at one time increases risk of hypo
Eat before and snack at bedtime

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7
Q

Explain diabetes and exercise

A

Reduce insulin before and after
Reduction hypo risk
Eat more and use different insulin regiment
If between 7-15 then proceed to exercise

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8
Q

Explain smoking and diabetes

A

Smoking increases risk of diabetes by 1.5 times
Increases risk of macrovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease and all complications

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9
Q

What are the risks of recreational drugs and diabetes?

A

Risk of DKA, seizures, cardiotoxic, anxious, vomiting, munchies and hyper/ hypotension

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10
Q

Explain driving and diabetes

A

Risk of hypos, poor vision and neuropathy
Can drive but inform insurance
Take CHO in vehicle and do not drive 45 mins after hypo

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11
Q

What happens if person is hypoglycaemic and driving?

A

Check glucose within 2 hrs of driving and 2 hrs during long car journeys - carry CHO in car

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12
Q

When does risk of complications increase?

A

Increases with worsening glycaemic state

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12
Q

What are some macro and micro vascular complications?

A

Coronary vascular disease
CVD and PVD
Retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy

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13
Q

Describe atherosclerosis in diabetes

A

Dyslipidaemia is present in nearly all diabetics
HDL cholesterol is low, triglycerides higher and LDL worse
Hypercoagulation

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14
Q

What is the prevention of macrovascular disease?

A

Good diabetes control, blood pressure control, lipid control, smoking cessation, weight control and exercise

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15
Q

Describe retinopathy

A

Non proliferative - retinal capillary dysfunction, platelet dysfunction and blood viscosity abnormal
Proliferative - retinal ischaemia, new blood vessel formation, vitreous haemorrhage and retinal tears - laser photocoagulation

16
Q

What is the treatment of retinopathy?

A

Improve glycaemic control and watch
Laser photocoagulation

17
Q

Describe nephropathy

A

Microalbuminuria - leak of proteins starts
Glomerular basement membrane changes, mesangial tissue proliferation, glomerular hypertension - progressive renal impairment

18
Q

What is the impact of diabetic nephropathy?

A

75% of diabetics have renal effects and 20% will have overt kidney disease
Biggest single cause for needed dialysis

19
Q

Describe the prevention and treatment of nephropathy

A

Screening for albumin in urine
Diabetes control
Renin angiotensin system blockage - ACE inhibition, angiotensin receptor blocker and renin inhibition
Hypertension control

20
Q

What does autonomic neuropathy lead to?

A

GI effects and CV system

21
Q

Describe Charcot foot

A

Effects people with diabetes
Large foot and bones are soft
Hot and swollen

22
Q

What are some other conditions common in diabetes?

A

Erectile dysfunction and depression

23
Q

What are the signs of hyperglycaemia?

A

Tired, nausea, hyperactivity and irritability
Blurred vision and increased breathing
Coma, delirium and seizures

24
What are the signs of hypoglycaemia?
Headache, hunger, sweating and confusion Shakes, irritability and anxiety Blurred vision and drowsiness Can lead to DKA as fat burning - ketones
25
How common is mental health problems with diabetes?
Twice as likely to experience anxiety and depression Impact on glycaemic control
26
How does anxiety and stress affect blood glucose levels?
Increases BG levels