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Endocrine System > Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-pituitary axis

A

Hypothalamus connected to pituitary gland - releases chemicals into blood to act on distal sites as neuroendocrine function

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2
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Neurohormones

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3
Q

Describe the connection of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Connected via stalk
Connects to anterior via neurohormones in capillary portal system
Connects to posterior by hypothalamic axons and nerve terminals

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4
Q

Describe the anterior pituitary

A

True endocrine tissue and epithelial origin
Adenohypophysis
2/3rd of gland

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5
Q

Describe the posterior pituitary

A

Continuation of hypothalamus
Axons and nerve terminals
Secretes neurohormones made in hypothalamus
Neuroendocrine
Neural in origin
Neurohypophysis

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6
Q

What are some key integrate functions of the pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

Adrenal, thyroid, gonadal function, lactation, parturition, growth, water balance and metabolism

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7
Q

What are hypothalamic-pituitary hormones?

A

Both hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland release tropic and non-tropic hormones
Posterior and hypothalamus - neuroendocrine hormones
Anterior - endocrine hormones

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8
Q

What are non-tropic neurohormones?

A

Produced in hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary where released into blood

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9
Q

What are tropic neurohormones?

A

Neurohormones secreted into capillaries travelling to anterior pituitary
Govern the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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10
Q

What 2 peptide neurohormones does magnocellular neurons in posterior pituitary store and release?

A

Vasopressin - maintaining water balance
Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contraction at parturition and aids expression of milk in lactating breasts
Different subsets of neurons make either one or other

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11
Q

Where are the nerve terminals in hypothalamus for non-tropic hormones?

A

End terminals in posterior pituitary which end directly on capillaries

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12
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

Neurohormones -activity in magnocellular neurons
Oxytocin and vasopressin behave as typical peptide hormones

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13
Q

Where is the cell bodies of magnocellular neurons?

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

What are 5 hypothalamic releasing hormones acting on anterior pituitary?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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15
Q

What are 2 hypothalamic inhibiting hormones acting on anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone - somatostatin
Dopamine - prolactin inhibiting hormone

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16
Q

What type of hormones are hypothalamic tropic hormones?

A

All peptide except dopamine

17
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Network of tiny vessels which transfer tropic hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
Released from neurones at median eminence
Small amounts of hormone required
Short distance so rapid

18
Q

Describe pathway of TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

A

TRH from hypothalamus stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary

19
Q

What type of hormones are hormones from anterior pituitary gland?

A

All peptides
5 are also tropic

20
Q

What is trophic action?

A

Control secretion of other endocrine glands and have direct or indirect effects in promoting growth

21
Q

What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adenocrticotropic
Follicle stimulating
Lutenising hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin

22
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Stimulates milk production from breasts during lactation

23
Q

What are the 3 integrating centres of anterior pituitary feedback control?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Target endocrine cell

24
Q

Describe anterior pituitary feedback control

A

Hormones themselves act as negative feedback control
Feedback from endocrine target - long-loop feedback
From anterior pituitary to hypothalamus - short-loop feedback

25
Q

What is short loop and long loop feedback control?

A

Short - Anterior pituitary to hypothalamus
Long - endocrine target cell upwards

26
Q

What can endocrine disorders be classified as?

A

Hyposecretion - too little hormone secreted
Hypersecretion - too much hormone secreted

27
Q

What are primary disorders?

A

Defect is in cells that secrete the hormone

28
Q

What are secondary disorders?

A

There is too little or much tropic hormone from pituitary
Either over or under stimulating

29
Q

What are tertiary disorders?

A

Relate to hypothalamic disorders
Rare

30
Q

Describe hyporepsonsiveness

A

May be due to alterations in receptor for hormone disordered post receptor events, failure of metabolic activation of hormone, or antagonistic effects

31
Q

Describe hyperresponsiveness

A

Due to permissive effects like thyroid hormone causing more adrenaline mediated lipolysis

32
Q

What does prolonged exposure to low hormone level in plasma lead to?

A

Up regulation of receptor number - increases tissue sensitivity/ response to hormones

33
Q

What does prolonged exposure to high hormone level in plasma lead to?

A

Down regulation of receptor number - decreases tissue sensitivity/ response to hormone

34
Q

What happens if plasma hormone conc. is disrupted?

A

Homeostatic responses
Effects not only the hormones own receptors but also receptors for other hormones
Permissive or antagonistic

35
Q

Describe permissive effects

A

Presence of one hormone enhances effects of another

36
Q

What is an example of permissive effects?

A

Thyroid hormone increases synthesis of receptors for epinephrine on adipocytes
TH itself has no effect on lipolysis but is permissive to epinephrine

37
Q

Describe antagonist effects

A

Presence of one hormone reduces effect of another
Ex. growth hormone impairs glucose uptake in response to insulin - decreasing number of insulin receptors on muscle and adipose tissue

Endocrine System (23 decks)

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