Lifespan Pharmacology

Question 1

Pediatric Dosage Calculation

Answer 1

(BSA x adult dose) / 1.73m^2

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics of children often start resembling that of adults around what age?

Answer 2

1 year of age

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics of children often start resembling that of adults around what age?

Answer 3

1 year of age

Question 4

Tests that determine liver function

Answer 4

ALT and AST

Question 5

drugs in this category are proven to cause significant harm to fetus

Answer 5

Category X

Question 6

To be classified as a teratogen, a drug must…

Answer 6

characteristic set of malformations, act only during a specific window of vulnerability, increase incidence of malformations with increasing dosage and duration of exposure

Question 7

What causes drug sensitivity in older adults?

Answer 7

decline in organ function, comorbidities, and polypharmacy

Question 8

Why do most older adults need smaller doses of meds?

Answer 8

decreased liver function means that they will have problems metabolizing drugs

Question 9

Warfarin use during pregnancy can cause what complications?

Answer 9

fetal hemorrhage

Question 10

How do food and drugs interact?

Answer 10

Foods can end up reducing the absorption of drugs

Question 11

What food should be avoided by patients taking statins?

Answer 11

grapefruit juice

Question 12

Tests that determine kidney function

Answer 12

GRF and creatinine

Question 13

75-100% bioavailability; large volumes often feesible, may be painful

Answer 13

IM injection

Question 14

How can pregnancy affect drug levels in the body?

Answer 14

Increased blood flow = increased GFR = increased excretion by urination = decreased drug levels

Question 15

5-100% bioavailability; often rapid onset

Answer 15

inhalation

Question 16

Why should children not be given aspirin?

Answer 16

It can cause Reye’s Syndrome

Question 17

How does the increasing pH of older adults affect pharmacokinetics?

Answer 17

it increases absorption

Question 18

100% bioavailability; most rapid onset

Answer 18

IV

Question 19

What are the barriers to pharmacogenomic application?

Answer 19

lack of education, expensive, ethical implications, strict guidelines

Question 20

Which drugs cross the placenta the easiest?

Answer 20

lipid-soluble drugs

Question 21

What can liver dysfunction cause in regards to drug metabolism?

Answer 21

Liver dysfunction will decrease the metabolization of drugs, causing drug levels in the body to rise

Question 22

Tyramine increases the chances of what?

Answer 22

malignant transformation

Question 23

tolerance resulting from accelerated drug metabolism, often brought about by the ability of certain drugs to induce synthesis of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes (i.e., barbituates)

Answer 23

metabolic tolerance

Question 24

0-100% bioavailability; most convenient first-pass effect

Answer 24

Oral (PO or enteral)

Question 25

What is the cause of drug sensitivity in infants?

Answer 25

organ immaturity

Question 26

Heparin use during pregnancy cause what?

Answer 26

osteoporosis in the mother

Question 27

Beta blockers are contraindicated in which patient populations?

Answer 27

patients with asthma and COPD

Question 28

tolerance resulting from continued administration of a drug resulting in chronic receptor occupation, increasing MEC (i.e., morphine)

Answer 28

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 29

how your genes respond to medications

Answer 29

pharmacogenomics

Question 30

component of a drug response that is caused psychological factors and not by biochemical or physiological properties of the drug

Answer 30

placebo effect

Question 31

purpose of enteric coatings

Answer 31

prevent gastric juices from breaking down the medication

Question 32

30-100% bioavailability; less first-pass effect

Answer 32

rectal

Question 33

What complication occurs with drug excretion when there is renal dysfunction?

Answer 33

Renal dysfunction decreases drug excretion, therefore increasing the drug levels in the body.

Question 34

Promethazide administration in children can cause what dangerous complication?

Answer 34

Respiratory depression if the child is less than 2 yrs old

Question 35

What are drugs responses in infants like?

Answer 35

responses are often more intense and prolonged, leading to elevated drug levels in the body

Question 36

Misoprostol can cause what if taken during pregnancy?

Answer 36

spontaneous abortion

Question 37

75-100% bioavailability; smaller volumes than IM, may be painful

Answer 37

SQ injection

Question 38

What can occur if children are given tetracyclines?

Answer 38

staining of developing teeth

Question 39

reduction in drug responsiveness from repeated dosing over a short time (i.e., transdermal NGT patch)

Answer 39

tachyphylaxis

Question 40

Fluoroquinolones can cause what complication if administered to children?

Answer 40

tendon rupture

Question 41

Glucocorticoids should not be given to children for what reason?

Answer 41

They can cause growth suppression

Question 42

80-100% bioavailability; slow absorption and onset of action, no 1st pass, long duration of action

Answer 42

transdermal