Lifespan Pharmacology Flashcards
Pediatric Dosage Calculation
(BSA x adult dose) / 1.73m^2
Pharmacokinetics of children often start resembling that of adults around what age?
1 year of age
Pharmacokinetics of children often start resembling that of adults around what age?
1 year of age
Tests that determine liver function
ALT and AST
drugs in this category are proven to cause significant harm to fetus
Category X
To be classified as a teratogen, a drug must…
characteristic set of malformations, act only during a specific window of vulnerability, increase incidence of malformations with increasing dosage and duration of exposure
What causes drug sensitivity in older adults?
decline in organ function, comorbidities, and polypharmacy
Why do most older adults need smaller doses of meds?
decreased liver function means that they will have problems metabolizing drugs
Warfarin use during pregnancy can cause what complications?
fetal hemorrhage
How do food and drugs interact?
Foods can end up reducing the absorption of drugs
What food should be avoided by patients taking statins?
grapefruit juice
Tests that determine kidney function
GRF and creatinine
75-100% bioavailability; large volumes often feesible, may be painful
IM injection
How can pregnancy affect drug levels in the body?
Increased blood flow = increased GFR = increased excretion by urination = decreased drug levels
5-100% bioavailability; often rapid onset
inhalation
Why should children not be given aspirin?
It can cause Reye’s Syndrome
How does the increasing pH of older adults affect pharmacokinetics?
it increases absorption
100% bioavailability; most rapid onset
IV
What are the barriers to pharmacogenomic application?
lack of education, expensive, ethical implications, strict guidelines
Which drugs cross the placenta the easiest?
lipid-soluble drugs
What can liver dysfunction cause in regards to drug metabolism?
Liver dysfunction will decrease the metabolization of drugs, causing drug levels in the body to rise
Tyramine increases the chances of what?
malignant transformation
tolerance resulting from accelerated drug metabolism, often brought about by the ability of certain drugs to induce synthesis of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes (i.e., barbituates)
metabolic tolerance
0-100% bioavailability; most convenient first-pass effect
Oral (PO or enteral)
What is the cause of drug sensitivity in infants?
organ immaturity
Heparin use during pregnancy cause what?
osteoporosis in the mother
Beta blockers are contraindicated in which patient populations?
patients with asthma and COPD
tolerance resulting from continued administration of a drug resulting in chronic receptor occupation, increasing MEC (i.e., morphine)
pharmacodynamic tolerance
how your genes respond to medications
pharmacogenomics
component of a drug response that is caused psychological factors and not by biochemical or physiological properties of the drug
placebo effect
purpose of enteric coatings
prevent gastric juices from breaking down the medication
30-100% bioavailability; less first-pass effect
rectal
What complication occurs with drug excretion when there is renal dysfunction?
Renal dysfunction decreases drug excretion, therefore increasing the drug levels in the body.
Promethazide administration in children can cause what dangerous complication?
Respiratory depression if the child is less than 2 yrs old
What are drugs responses in infants like?
responses are often more intense and prolonged, leading to elevated drug levels in the body
Misoprostol can cause what if taken during pregnancy?
spontaneous abortion
75-100% bioavailability; smaller volumes than IM, may be painful
SQ injection
What can occur if children are given tetracyclines?
staining of developing teeth
reduction in drug responsiveness from repeated dosing over a short time (i.e., transdermal NGT patch)
tachyphylaxis
Fluoroquinolones can cause what complication if administered to children?
tendon rupture
Glucocorticoids should not be given to children for what reason?
They can cause growth suppression
80-100% bioavailability; slow absorption and onset of action, no 1st pass, long duration of action
transdermal
