Lifespan Development Flashcards
A 15-year-old says she is going to be a veterinarian because that’s what her parents want her to be. This illustrates:
Select one:
a.
Identity moratorium
b.
Identity achievement
c.
Identity foreclosure
d.
Identity diffusion
An individual exhibiting identity foreclosure has adopted an identity that has been suggested by a parent or other influential person.
The correct answer is: Identity foreclosure
According to Piaget, children do not gain a true understanding of addition and subtraction until they are about _____ years of age.
Select one:
a.
7
b.
3
c.
11
d.
5
Piaget proposed that it is not until the concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11) that children are capable of mental operations, which are logical rules for transforming and manipulating information. He believed that children younger than age 7 could be taught to memorize simple math facts (e.g., 2 plus 2 equals 4) but that children must be in the concrete operational stage before they are able to truly understand addition and subtraction.
The correct answer is: 7
As described by Kohlberg, gender identity development involves three stages that occur in which of the following orders?
Select one:
a.
Identity, stability, constancy
b.
Stability, constancy, identity
c.
Constancy, stability, identity
d.
Identity, constancy, stability
According to Kohlberg, a child recognizes that he/she is a boy/girl by age three (gender identity). Later the child realizes that gender is stable over time (stability) and, by age 7, that gender is constant across different situations (constancy).
The correct answer is: Identity, stability, constancy
As described by Piaget, a child in the autonomous stage of moral development believes that:
Select one:
a.
Rules are made to be broken
b.
Rule violations will be punished
c.
Rules can be changed by authorities only
d.
Rules can be changed by consensus
Piaget distinguished between two stages of moral development – heteronomous and autonomous. Children in the autonomous stage believe that rules can be changed by consensus.
The correct answer is: Rules can be changed by consensus
As described by Piaget, horizontal decalage refers to:
Select one:
a.
The inability to recognize that actions can be reversed
b.
The inability to understand that others have a different perspective
c.
The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of other aspects
d.
The progressive acquisition of related skills within the same stage of development
Piaget found that children acquire related skills in a predictable order – e.g., they conserve number and mass first, followed by weight and volume. He concluded that this horizontal decalage occurs because tasks that appear to be similar actually differ in complexity.
The correct answer is: The progressive acquisition of related skills within the same stage of development
Babbling ordinarily begins at about 4 to 5 months of age and initially includes:
Select one:
a.
Morphemes that the child has heard most frequently
b.
Phonemes from all languages
c.
Morphemes from all languages
d.
Phonemes from the child’s native language only
Babbling involves the repetition of vowel and consonant sounds – e.g., bi-bi-bi and da-da-da. It initially consists of phonemes from all languages; but, by about 9 months, it narrows to include the sounds of the child’s native language only.
The correct answer is: Phonemes from all languages
Blond hair, green eyes, and unattached earlobes are due to a recessive gene. For a child to exhibit one of these traits, he/she must be __________ with regard to that gene.
Select one:
a.
Monozygotic
b.
Homozygous
c.
Heterozygous
d.
Dizygotic
When a trait is due to a dominant gene, an offspring will manifest the trait if he/she inherits only a single dominant gene from one parent. In contrast, when a trait is due to a recessive gene, an offspring will manifest the trait only if he/she inherits the recessive gene from both parents (i.e., only when he/she is homoyzygous with regard to that gene).
The correct answer is: Homozygous
For Vygotsky, the “zone of proximal development” represents the difference between:
Select one:
a.
The individual’s current situation and his/her stated life goals
b.
The child’s comprehension and production of language
c.
What the child knows how to do and what he/she actually does
d.
What a child can accomplish alone and what he/she can accomplish with help
The zone of proximal development is central to Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development. This response best describes what it represents.
The correct answer is: What a child can accomplish alone and what he/she can accomplish with help
From the perspective of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, the microsystem refers to:
Select one:
a.
The child him/herself
b.
The child’s parents, teachers, and classmates
c.
The womb
d.
The child’s neighborhood and community
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model distinguishes between the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. The former is the child’s immediate setting and includes the child’s family and school.
The correct answer is: The child’s parents, teachers, and classmates
In Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, a one-year-old child shows little distress when her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns. Most likely, this mother is:
Select one:
a.
Impatient or overstimulating
b.
A single parent
c.
Depressed
d.
Neglectful or physically abusive
Research by Ainsworth and her colleagues has found that babies exhibiting an insecure/avoidant attachment pattern often have mothers who are either very impatient and nonresponsive or overstimulating.
The correct answer is: Impatient or overstimulating
Research by Diana Baumrind found that children and adolescents whose parents were __________ were most likely to be antisocial, use drugs and alcohol, and achieve low scores on cognitive tests.
Select one:
a.
High in control and high in warmth
b.
Low in control and low in warmth
c.
High in control and low in warmth
d.
Low in control and high in warmth
Baumrind (1991) distinguished between four parenting styles based on level of control and warmth. As defined by Baumrind, rejecting/neglecting parents are low in both control and warmth, and her research found that children of these parents have the worst outcomes – e.g., they are often antisocial, use drugs and alcohol, and obtain low scores on measures of cognitive ability.
The correct answer is: Low in control and low in warmth
Research by Hetherington (1993) and others investigating the effects of remarriage on the adjustment of children indicates that children ages __________ have a particularly difficult time adjusting to a stepparent.
Select one:
a.
Seventeen to nineteen
b.
Six to ten
c.
Thirteen to fifteen
d.
Three to five
The studies have generally found that younger children have less trouble adjusting to a stepparent than do older school-age children and adolescents, with longitudinal research by Hetherington (1993) and others suggesting that adjusting to a stepparent is especially difficult when remarriage occurs when the child is in early adolescence.
The correct answer is: Thirteen to fifteen
Studies investigating teachers’ responses to male and female students have demonstrated that:
Select one:
a.
Boys have more interactions with their teachers and tend to receive more feedback
b.
Girls have more interactions with their teachers but receive more criticism
c.
Male teachers pay more attention to boys, while female teachers pay more attention to girls
d.
Student gender does not have a differential impact on teacher-student interactions
Feedback
Recent research suggests that boys continue to get more attention from both male and female teachers, especially attention that fosters better academic performance.
The correct answer is: Boys have more interactions with their teachers and tend to receive more feedback
__________ syndrome affects the sexual development of individuals typically assigned male sex at birth.
Select one:
a.
Gerstmann
b.
Klinefelter
c.
Turner
d.
Prader-Willi
Klinefelter syndrome occurs in individuals that are typically assigned male sex at birth (individuals with a Y chromosome). It is due to the presence of two or more X chromosomes along with a single Y chromosome.
The correct answer is: Klinefelter
The best predictor of a child’s level of adjustment following the divorce of his/her parents is:
Select one:
a.
The frequency of contact with the noncustodial parent
b.
Whether one or both parents remarry soon after the divorce
c.
Whether the child lives with the same- or opposite-sex parent
d.
The degree of open conflict between the parents
One of the most consistent findings of the research is that open hostility and conflict between divorced parents is predictive of poorer adjustment for the children.
The correct answer is: The degree of open conflict between the parents
