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Qualifer Exam > Lifespan > Flashcards

Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

Nagi disablement model

A

Describes how an active pathology can lead to impairments, functional limitations, and disability

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2
Q

What does ICF stand for

A

International classification of functioning, disability and heath

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3
Q

What does PT do

A

Examination
Evaluation
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Create plan of care

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4
Q

What is the job of a pta

A

Carry out interventions under the direction of the pt

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5
Q

How many ptas can a pt supervise

A

3

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6
Q

Age of the pta profession

A

It began in 1969

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7
Q

Neuron anatomy

A

He study of the structure of the nervous system

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8
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of

A

Somatic nervous system peripheral nerves autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Afferent (sensory)

A

Carries information to the CNS (away from the PNS)

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11
Q

Efferent (motor)

A

Carries information to the PNS (from the CNS)

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12
Q

Superficial sensations

A

Pressure
Touch
Texture
Vibration
Pain
Temperature

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13
Q

Major components of the nervous system

A

CNS
PNS
Nerve cell types
Structure of neurons
Gray matter
White matter

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14
Q

Structure of neurons

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Synapse

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

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16
Q

Gray matter

A

Brain and spinal cord tissue
- consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons

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17
Q

White matter

A

Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths

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18
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission f nerve impulses
- fond in white mater

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19
Q

Axon

A

A threadlike extension of neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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20
Q

Synapses

A

Tiny gaps between dendrites and axons of different neurons
- where information exchange occurs

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21
Q

Dendtrites

A

Receive messages from other cells

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22
Q

Where is a very rich amount of ——- matter in the brain

A

White

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23
Q

What are the three membranes of the skull

A

Dura: directly below the skull
Arachnoid: web-like
Pia mater: on the brain

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24
Q

Lobe of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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25
Q

Left hemisphere of the brain characteristics

A

Verbal and analytic

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26
Q

Right hemisphere of the brain characteristics

A

Nonverbal and artistic

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27
Q

What is another word for the brain

A

Cerebrum

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28
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Movement
Abstract thinking planning
Memory
judgment
Personality

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29
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receives sensory input for touch and body position

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30
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Responsible for hearing and language

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31
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes visual information

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32
Q

What is the function of the brain stem

A

Controls involuntary actions
- breathing, heartbeat, sensory info passageway to brain

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33
Q

Cerebellum (little brain)

A

Controls balance and muscular movements

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34
Q

Dorsal horn of spinal cord

A

Carries sensory information to the brain

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35
Q

Anterior horn of the spinal cord

A

Uses motor fibers to generate muscle movement

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36
Q

What is a reflex

A

Specific, predictable, obligatory response to a specific stimulus

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37
Q

What is an example of a reflex

A

Hitting the patellar tendon (stimulus) causes the quads to contract (reflex)

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38
Q

Where do spinal reflexes come from

A

Stretch receptors from the dorsal horn

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39
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

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40
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

Connects your central nervous system to other parts of the body

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41
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic- maintains homeostasis
Sympathetic- fight or flight response

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42
Q

Motor control

A

Ability to maintain and change posture and movement

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43
Q

Theories of motor control

A

Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory

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44
Q

What are the stages of motor control

A

Mobility
Stability
Controlled mobility
Skill

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45
Q

Mobility

A

The ability to move parts

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46
Q

Stability

A

Holding a position against gravity

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47
Q

Controlled mobility

A

Ability to move within a position

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48
Q

Skill

A

Motor skill that requires practice to achieve
Example: rolling over

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49
Q

Neuromuscular tone

A

Resistance to passive elongation of muscles

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50
Q

hypotonia

A

Low muscle tone

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51
Q

Hypertonia

A

Increased muscle tone or tightness

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52
Q

Righting reaction

A

Maintain or restore the normal position of the head in space and its normal relationship with the trunk and limb

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53
Q

Balance

A

Maintaining your center of gravity according to the base of support

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54
Q

Protective reactions

A

Reflexive reaction to protect the head when is falling or “off balance”

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55
Q

Equilibrium reactions

A

Maintain and restores a persons balance in all activities

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56
Q

Limits stability

A

Sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing BOS

57
Q

The eyes and head move ——-

A

Independently

58
Q

Proprioception

A

Our sense of body position

59
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Ability to detect motion

60
Q

What two things are crucial for maintaining postural control

A

Proprioception and kinesthesia

61
Q

Nosher’s model of postural control

A

Ankle strategy
Hip strategy
Stepping strategy

62
Q

What is one of the first things an infant gains control over

A

Head and neck movement

63
Q

Feed forward

A

Changing body movement expecting a different stimulus or environment

64
Q

Body proportions ——- as we age, gain weight, and get taller

A

Change

65
Q

What are the stages of motor learning

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

66
Q

Cognitive stage of learning

A

Stiff, slow-moving, inconsistent performance or a movement/ task

67
Q

Associative stage of learning

A

Move fluid movement with fewer errors and better efficiency

68
Q

Autonomous stage of learning

A

Can perform movements/ tasks without looking or thinking about it ( peak performance)

69
Q

Open task

A

Environment is constantly changing where movement is performed
Example: playing a sport

70
Q

Closed task

A

Stable environmental conditions from one trial to the next
Example: throwing, jumping

71
Q

Practice is ——- for improvement

A

Essential

72
Q

What are some restraints to motor learning

A

Compromised somatosensory system age- related neural plasticity

73
Q

Neutral plasticity

A

Ability to acquire motor tasks and keep and improve them

74
Q

forced use therapy

A

Forced to se a weak era while the strong area is constrained in order to build strength on the weak side

75
Q

What motor skill defines the step between infancy and childhood toddlerhood

A

Walking

76
Q

Average life expectancy

A

72

77
Q

infancy

A

0-12 months or until walking

78
Q

Childhood

A

2 years to adolescence

79
Q

Adolescence

A

Puberty to adulthood

80
Q

Adulthood

A

20-70 years

81
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Physiological safety, love/ belonging esteem self actualization

82
Q

Piaget theory of intelligence

A

Evolving biological adaptions to the outside world through interactions with environment, psychological structures become reorganized

83
Q

Dynamic systems theory

A

Movement emerges from interaction of multiple body systems

84
Q

Neuronal group selection theory

A

Motor skills result from the interaction of the developing body and the structures of the brain

85
Q

Cephalon proximal movements come —— caudal and distal movements

A

Before

86
Q

Movement at infancy is ——- at the start

A

Useless

87
Q

Epigenesis

A

The emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development

88
Q

By one month, infants can get their head up to ——- degrees when in prone

A

45

89
Q

By 2-3 months, most infant active ——- degrees of head movement on prone

A

90

90
Q

By 4 months an infant should head is —— and they start to move their ——-

A

Up; upper trunk

91
Q

Primitive reflexes must ——— prior to attaining voluntary control over motor movements

A

Resolve

92
Q

Head lag

A

When an infant is lifted from the bed, the head will fall back

93
Q

When does crawling start in an infant

A

4-6 months

94
Q

When do righting reactions start in an infant

A

6months

95
Q

When is an infant able to sit ( when places into that position)

A

6-9 months

96
Q

When does an infant gain more trunk control during sitting (no hands)

A

7-8 months

97
Q

Ring sitting

A

Sitting on the butttocks with legs forming a ring in front
- help stabilize infants during sitting

98
Q

When can an infant get into sitting by themselves

A

9 months

99
Q

Control is developed from the neck ——-

A

Downward

100
Q

When do infants pull themselves up to standing

A

9-12 months

101
Q

Cruising

A

An infant takes steps while holding onto something

102
Q

Creep vs. crawl

A

Creep- quadrupled moving forward
Crawl- belly remains in contact with surface while moving

103
Q

Babies do not always ——- before walking

A

Crawl

104
Q

When do babies begin to walk

A

12-17 months

105
Q

When does a child start running, jumping, and climbing

A

18-24 months

106
Q

Development times of children can slightly….

A

Vary

107
Q

Motor learning

A

Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience

108
Q

Motor skill

A

The learned abilities to move some part of the body

109
Q

Motor development

A

The emergence of the ability to execute physical action

110
Q

Growth

A

Increase in dimension and proportion

111
Q

maturation

A

Physical changes due to preprogrammed internal body processes

112
Q

Adaptation

A

Process by which environmental influences guide row the and development

113
Q

We are products of our ——- and ——-

A

Environment; experiences

114
Q

—— ——- is vital to do anything

A

Head control

115
Q

Segmental rolling

A

6-8 months

116
Q

What does an infant gait style look like

A

Wide base of support
Arms up
No hip extension beyond neutral
Decreased step length
Increased cadence

117
Q

Cadence

A

Number of steps taken

118
Q

When can a child run and kick a ball

A

2 years

119
Q

When can a child gallop, skip, and catch a ball

A

4 years

120
Q

When can a child foot steadily and devise sport skills

A

6 years

121
Q

Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)

A

Prone- flexor tone dominates
Supine- extensor tone dominates

Prenatal- 6 months

122
Q

Palmar grasp reflex

A

Pressure applied to palm= fingers flex

Birth- 4/11 months

123
Q

Suck/swallow reflex

A

Object placed in mouth= suckling

Prenatal- 2/5 months

124
Q

Moro reflex

A

Sudden change in head position in relation to trunk= extension and abduction of UE’s, crying, then flexion and addictions of UE’s

Prenatal- 5/6 months

125
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex

A

Stimulation to sole of foot= toes extend, foot dorsiflexes, LE flexes

Prenatal- 1/2 months

126
Q

Crosses extension reflex

A

Stimulation to ball of foot with LE extended= contra lateral LE flexes then abducts and extends

Prenatal- 1/2 months

127
Q

Traction reflex

A

Grasp forearm and pull up fro supine to sitting= grasp and total UE flexion

Prenatal- 2/5 months

128
Q

Startle reflex

A

Sudden loud or harsh noise= extension or abduction of UE’s and crying

Birth- doesn’t go away

129
Q

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

Rotation of the head to one side= flexion of skull limbs and extension of face limbs

Birth- 4/6 months

130
Q

Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

Flexion/ extension of head=
head flexion- UE’s flex and LE’s extend
Head extension-UE’s extend and LE’s flex

4/6 months - 8/12 months

131
Q

Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

Flexion/ extension of head=
head flexion- UE’s flex and LE’s extend
Head extension-UE’s extend and

132
Q

Symmetrical tonic labyrinthine

A

Prone or supine=
Prone- increased flexion of all limbs
Supine- increased extension of all limbs

Birth- 6 months

133
Q

Positive supporting reflex

A

Contact to the ball of the foot in standing= Regis extension of LE’s

Birth- 6 months

134
Q

Associated reactions reflex

A

Resisted voluntary movement= involuntary movement in resting extremity

Birth/3 months- 8-9 years

135
Q

When in the lifespan can ‘adult’ sway strategies be consistently demonstrated

A

7-10 years

136
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Chang in neutral connections caused by learning or a response to injury

137
Q

Reflex theor

A

Stimulus applied to muscle results in stereotypical responses referred to as a reflex

138
Q

What is cerebral palsy

A

Neurodeveopmental disorder

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