Lifespan Flashcards
1
Q
Nagi disablement model
A
Describes how an active pathology can lead to impairments, functional limitations, and disability
2
Q
What does ICF stand for
A
International classification of functioning, disability and heath
3
Q
What does PT do
A
Examination
Evaluation
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Create plan of care
4
Q
What is the job of a pta
A
Carry out interventions under the direction of the pt
5
Q
How many ptas can a pt supervise
A
3
6
Q
Age of the pta profession
A
It began in 1969
7
Q
Neuron anatomy
A
He study of the structure of the nervous system
8
Q
What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of
A
Brain and spinal cord
9
Q
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of
A
Somatic nervous system peripheral nerves autonomic nervous system
10
Q
Afferent (sensory)
A
Carries information to the CNS (away from the PNS)
11
Q
Efferent (motor)
A
Carries information to the PNS (from the CNS)
12
Q
Superficial sensations
A
Pressure
Touch
Texture
Vibration
Pain
Temperature
13
Q
Major components of the nervous system
A
CNS
PNS
Nerve cell types
Structure of neurons
Gray matter
White matter
14
Q
Structure of neurons
A
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Synapse
15
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
16
Q
Gray matter
A
Brain and spinal cord tissue
- consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons
17
Q
White matter
A
Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths
18
Q
Myelin
A
A fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission f nerve impulses
- fond in white mater
19
Q
Axon
A
A threadlike extension of neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
20
Q
Synapses
A
Tiny gaps between dendrites and axons of different neurons
- where information exchange occurs
21
Q
Dendtrites
A
Receive messages from other cells
22
Q
Where is a very rich amount of ——- matter in the brain
A
White
23
Q
What are the three membranes of the skull
A
Dura: directly below the skull
Arachnoid: web-like
Pia mater: on the brain
24
Q
Lobe of the brain
A
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
25
Left hemisphere of the brain characteristics
Verbal and analytic
26
Right hemisphere of the brain characteristics
Nonverbal and artistic
27
What is another word for the brain
Cerebrum
28
Frontal lobe
Movement
Abstract thinking planning
Memory
judgment
Personality
29
Parietal lobe
Receives sensory input for touch and body position
30
Temporal lobe
Responsible for hearing and language
31
Occipital lobe
Processes visual information
32
What is the function of the brain stem
Controls involuntary actions
- breathing, heartbeat, sensory info passageway to brain
33
Cerebellum (little brain)
Controls balance and muscular movements
34
Dorsal horn of spinal cord
Carries sensory information to the brain
35
Anterior horn of the spinal cord
Uses motor fibers to generate muscle movement
36
What is a reflex
Specific, predictable, obligatory response to a specific stimulus
37
What is an example of a reflex
Hitting the patellar tendon (stimulus) causes the quads to contract (reflex)
38
Where do spinal reflexes come from
Stretch receptors from the dorsal horn
39
Somatic nervous system
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
40
Peripheral nerves
Connects your central nervous system to other parts of the body
41
Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic- maintains homeostasis
Sympathetic- fight or flight response
42
Motor control
Ability to maintain and change posture and movement
43
Theories of motor control
Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
44
What are the stages of motor control
Mobility
Stability
Controlled mobility
Skill
45
Mobility
The ability to move parts
46
Stability
Holding a position against gravity
47
Controlled mobility
Ability to move within a position
48
Skill
Motor skill that requires practice to achieve
Example: rolling over
49
Neuromuscular tone
Resistance to passive elongation of muscles
50
hypotonia
Low muscle tone
51
Hypertonia
Increased muscle tone or tightness
52
Righting reaction
Maintain or restore the normal position of the head in space and its normal relationship with the trunk and limb
53
Balance
Maintaining your center of gravity according to the base of support
54
Protective reactions
Reflexive reaction to protect the head when is falling or “off balance”
55
Equilibrium reactions
Maintain and restores a persons balance in all activities
56
Limits stability
Sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing BOS
57
The eyes and head move ——-
Independently
58
Proprioception
Our sense of body position
59
Kinesthesia
Ability to detect motion
60
What two things are crucial for maintaining postural control
Proprioception and kinesthesia
61
Nosher’s model of postural control
Ankle strategy
Hip strategy
Stepping strategy
62
What is one of the first things an infant gains control over
Head and neck movement
63
Feed forward
Changing body movement expecting a different stimulus or environment
64
Body proportions ——- as we age, gain weight, and get taller
Change
65
What are the stages of motor learning
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
66
Cognitive stage of learning
Stiff, slow-moving, inconsistent performance or a movement/ task
67
Associative stage of learning
Move fluid movement with fewer errors and better efficiency
68
Autonomous stage of learning
Can perform movements/ tasks without looking or thinking about it ( peak performance)
69
Open task
Environment is constantly changing where movement is performed
Example: playing a sport
70
Closed task
Stable environmental conditions from one trial to the next
Example: throwing, jumping
71
Practice is ——- for improvement
Essential
72
What are some restraints to motor learning
Compromised somatosensory system age- related neural plasticity
73
Neutral plasticity
Ability to acquire motor tasks and keep and improve them
74
forced use therapy
Forced to se a weak era while the strong area is constrained in order to build strength on the weak side
75
What motor skill defines the step between infancy and childhood toddlerhood
Walking
76
Average life expectancy
72
77
infancy
0-12 months or until walking
78
Childhood
2 years to adolescence
79
Adolescence
Puberty to adulthood
80
Adulthood
20-70 years
81
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Physiological safety, love/ belonging esteem self actualization
82
Piaget theory of intelligence
Evolving biological adaptions to the outside world through interactions with environment, psychological structures become reorganized
83
Dynamic systems theory
Movement emerges from interaction of multiple body systems
84
Neuronal group selection theory
Motor skills result from the interaction of the developing body and the structures of the brain
85
Cephalon proximal movements come —— caudal and distal movements
Before
86
Movement at infancy is ——- at the start
Useless
87
Epigenesis
The emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development
88
By one month, infants can get their head up to ——- degrees when in prone
45
89
By 2-3 months, most infant active ——- degrees of head movement on prone
90
90
By 4 months an infant should head is —— and they start to move their ——-
Up; upper trunk
91
Primitive reflexes must ——— prior to attaining voluntary control over motor movements
Resolve
92
Head lag
When an infant is lifted from the bed, the head will fall back
93
When does crawling start in an infant
4-6 months
94
When do righting reactions start in an infant
6months
95
When is an infant able to sit ( when places into that position)
6-9 months
96
When does an infant gain more trunk control during sitting (no hands)
7-8 months
97
Ring sitting
Sitting on the butttocks with legs forming a ring in front
- help stabilize infants during sitting
98
When can an infant get into sitting by themselves
9 months
99
Control is developed from the neck ——-
Downward
100
When do infants pull themselves up to standing
9-12 months
101
Cruising
An infant takes steps while holding onto something
102
Creep vs. crawl
Creep- quadrupled moving forward
Crawl- belly remains in contact with surface while moving
103
Babies do not always ——- before walking
Crawl
104
When do babies begin to walk
12-17 months
105
When does a child start running, jumping, and climbing
18-24 months
106
Development times of children can slightly….
Vary
107
Motor learning
Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience
108
Motor skill
The learned abilities to move some part of the body
109
Motor development
The emergence of the ability to execute physical action
110
Growth
Increase in dimension and proportion
111
maturation
Physical changes due to preprogrammed internal body processes
112
Adaptation
Process by which environmental influences guide row the and development
113
We are products of our ——- and ——-
Environment; experiences
114
—— ——- is vital to do anything
Head control
115
Segmental rolling
6-8 months
116
What does an infant gait style look like
Wide base of support
Arms up
No hip extension beyond neutral
Decreased step length
Increased cadence
117
Cadence
Number of steps taken
118
When can a child run and kick a ball
2 years
119
When can a child gallop, skip, and catch a ball
4 years
120
When can a child foot steadily and devise sport skills
6 years
121
Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)
Prone- flexor tone dominates
Supine- extensor tone dominates
Prenatal- 6 months
122
Palmar grasp reflex
Pressure applied to palm= fingers flex
Birth- 4/11 months
123
Suck/swallow reflex
Object placed in mouth= suckling
Prenatal- 2/5 months
124
Moro reflex
Sudden change in head position in relation to trunk= extension and abduction of UE’s, crying, then flexion and addictions of UE’s
Prenatal- 5/6 months
125
Flexor withdrawal reflex
Stimulation to sole of foot= toes extend, foot dorsiflexes, LE flexes
Prenatal- 1/2 months
126
Crosses extension reflex
Stimulation to ball of foot with LE extended= contra lateral LE flexes then abducts and extends
Prenatal- 1/2 months
127
Traction reflex
Grasp forearm and pull up fro supine to sitting= grasp and total UE flexion
Prenatal- 2/5 months
128
Startle reflex
Sudden loud or harsh noise= extension or abduction of UE’s and crying
Birth- doesn’t go away
129
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
Rotation of the head to one side= flexion of skull limbs and extension of face limbs
Birth- 4/6 months
130
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Flexion/ extension of head=
head flexion- UE’s flex and LE’s extend
Head extension-UE’s extend and LE’s flex
4/6 months - 8/12 months
131
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Flexion/ extension of head=
head flexion- UE’s flex and LE’s extend
Head extension-UE’s extend and
132
Symmetrical tonic labyrinthine
Prone or supine=
Prone- increased flexion of all limbs
Supine- increased extension of all limbs
Birth- 6 months
133
Positive supporting reflex
Contact to the ball of the foot in standing= Regis extension of LE’s
Birth- 6 months
134
Associated reactions reflex
Resisted voluntary movement= involuntary movement in resting extremity
Birth/3 months- 8-9 years
135
When in the lifespan can ‘adult’ sway strategies be consistently demonstrated
7-10 years
136
Neuroplasticity
Chang in neutral connections caused by learning or a response to injury
137
Reflex theor
Stimulus applied to muscle results in stereotypical responses referred to as a reflex
138
What is cerebral palsy
Neurodeveopmental disorder
