Lifelong Learning - Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

Generally speaking, viral infections do not elicit a response from which type of leukocytes, and what sort of inflammation does this resemble, acute or chronic?

Answer 1

Does not elicit response from neutrophils, and this resembles Chronic inflammation (this is considered spontaneous chronic inflammation). Remember that a hallmark of acute inflammation is Neutrophil mobilization!

Question 2

_____ are the hallmark cellular components of acute inflammation, whereas _____ and Lymphocytes are the hallmark cellular components of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation will also exhibit angiogenesis, fibrosis, and ______ tissue as a result of attempts at healing.

Answer 2

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Granulation tissue

Question 3

Classically activated macrophages (M1) are activated by cytokines and interactions with _____ cells (type of T-cell). Once activated, they produce ROS, NO, and lysosomal enzymes, and they have enhanced phagocytic functions. Alternative macrophage activation (M2) is involved in antiinflammatory responses and tissue repair. The cytokines these macrophages secrete include IL-___ and _____.

Answer 3

Th1

IL-10

TNFbeta

Question 4

______ mediated inflammation is typically seen in parasitic infections and allergies. Don’t forget that Mast cells play a role in allergic (hypersensitivity) reactions mediated by ____ (which immunoglobulin?).

Answer 4

Eosinophil-mediated inflammation

IgE

Question 5

_______ inflammation is a form of chronic inflammation made up of a collection of activated macrophages either with or without lymphocytes. It signifies the body’s attempt at containing a pathogen that is difficult to eradicate (characteristic of Tuberculosis infection).

Answer 5

Granulomatous inflammation

Question 6

Granulomas can be _____ (as is the case with foreign bodies and sarcoidosis), _______ (as is the case with Tb and some fungi), or ______ (as is the case with Cat-scratch disease).

Answer 6

Non-necrotizing

Necrotizing

Suppurative

Question 7

Caseating vs noncaseating refers to the composition of granulomas, where caseating indicates there is a center of dead tissue that is cheese-like in appearance. Identify the following as caseating, noncaseating, or suppurative:

Mtb:
Leprosy:
Syphillis:
Cat Scratch:
Sarcoidosis:
Crohn's disease:

Answer 7

Mtb: caseating
Leprosy: noncaseating
Syphillis: "gumma" with necrotic center, macs and plasma cells
Cat Scratch: Suppurative
Sarcoidosis: Noncaseating

Crohn’s: Noncaseating

Question 8

Multi-nucleated Giant cells are seen in some, but not all granulomas (typically in granulomas formed in response to foreign bodies - e.g. sutures from a surgery). These cells are comprised of syncitia of ______ (merged together) –> they have enhanced _____ activity, but have a limited life-span and are not capable of dividing.

Answer 8

Macrophages

Phagocitic activity

Question 9

Chronic granulomatous inflammation outcomes can include which 3 key elements?

Answer 9

Resolution

Scarring with or without calcification

Cavity formation (typical of Mtb infection)

Question 10

In contrast to acute inflammation, systemic effects of chronic inflammation include low grade _____ (acute is typically high grade). Systemic effects of chronic inflammation can also include malaise and weight loss, ______, and leukocytosis (of which cells?).

Answer 10

Fever

Anemia

Leukocytosis of lymphocytes, NOT neutrophils