Life span Midterm Flashcards
What are the functions of the Frontal lobe
Problem solving, emotional traits, reasoning, speaking and voluntary motor activity
What are the functions of the occipital lobe
Vision and color perception
What are the functions of the temporal lobe
Role in hearing, language processing, memory. Understanding language behavior , memory and hearing
What are the functions of the parietal lobe
Involved in spatial location, attention and motor control. Knowing right from left, sensation, reading and body orientation
What is the function of the cerebellum
Balance, coordination and control of voluntary movement, fine muscle control
What is the function of the brain stem
Breathing, body temperature, digestion, alertness/sleep and swallowing
What is myelination
It is the process of encasing axons with fat cells. It begins prenatally and continues into adolescence and emerging adulthood
What are some recommendations of activities for preschool children
Constructive play, games, pretend play, practice play, sensorimotor play
What are gross motor skills
This are milestones involving large muscle activity for example crawling, lifting head up, sitting down, taking first step
What are fine motor skills
They are skills involved in finely tuned movement for example grasping a toy, holding a pencil, buttoning a shirt or any activity that requires finger dexterity.
What are the attachment categories by Ainsworth
Secure attachment
Insecure avoidant - show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
Insecure resistant - cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against closeness
Insecure disorganized- appear disoriented. In the strange situation they appear dazed, confused and fearful. Show avoidance and resistant of play.
What is strange situation
The infant experiences a series of introductions, separations and reunions with the caregiver and adult stranger in a prescribed order
What are bowlby’s phases of attachement
Phase 1- birth - 2 months= infants direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the baby
Phase 2 - 2 - 7 months= attachment becomes focused on one figure usually the primary caregiver as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people
Phase 3- 7 - 24 months = specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers such as the mother or father
Phase 4 from 24 months on= children become aware of others feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
Describe Harlow,s experiment
Harlow removed infant monkeys from their mother for 6 months they were reared by their substitute mothers. One surrogate was made of cloth and the other of wire. Half were fed by the wire mother and the other half were fed by cloth mother. Results showed that the infant mothers spent more time with the cloth mothers. When scared they ran to the cloth mother and those raised by the wire mothers did not. This study shows contact comfort is the most important.
Name the Erickson stages of development
Trust vs Mistrust - infancy first year development of trust sets that the world is a good place to live
Autonomy vs Shame and doubt - 1-3 year restrained or punished to harshly they develop shame and doubt
Initiative vs Guilt- early childhood 3-5 years pre-school if child is irresponsible and made to feel anxious feelings of guilt may arise
Industry vs Inferiority 6 yrs to puberty middle and late childhood the child may develop a sense of inferiority feeling incompetent and unproductive
Identity vs Identity confusion - adolescence 10-20 years
Intimacy vs Isolation - early adulthood 20s and 30s
Generativity vs Stagnation - middle adulthood 40s and 50s
Integrity vs Despair - late adulthood 60s onward
Name the different parenting styles
- Authoritarian - is a restrictive punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort e.g. you will do it my way or else. They enforce rules and do not explain why they are there.
- Authoritative parenting- encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions e.g. you shouldn’t have done that but let’s discuss about how you could have done the situation better next time.
- Neglectful parenting the parent is uninvolved in the child’s life.
- Indulgent parenting is a style in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands and controls on them.
Definition of lifespan
It emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood. It views development as lifelong, multidimensional, plastic, multidisciplinary and contextual as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.
Who are the theorists of development
- Sigmund Freud psychoanalytic theory
- Erik Erickson psychosocial theory - primary motivation for human behavior is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people
- Piaget - cognitive behavior theory children go through 4 stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world
- Vygotskys theory it is a sociocultural theory that emphasizes how culture and social interactions guide cognitive development
- Robert Seigler,s information processing theory emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it and strategize about it.
- B f skinner,s operant conditioning theory
- Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory holds that behavior, environment and cognition are the key factors in development
- Konrad Lorenz ethological theory stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
- Urie Bronfenbrenner,s ecological theory stresses environmental factors
What are the 4 stages of Piaget
- The sensorimotor stage - birth to 2 years. Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences
- The pre-operational stage 2 to 7 years. They go beyond connecting sensory information with physical action and represent the world with words, images and drawings
- The concrete operational stage 7 to 11 years. Children can perform operations that involve objects and can reason logically when the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
- The formal operational stage it appears between the ages of 11 and 15 and goes through adulthood. Individuals begin to think in abstract and logical terms. Think about the future, develop hypotheses about why something is happening
What is bronfennbrenner ecological theory
It stresses environmental factors influence lifespan development. It identified 5 systems.
1. Microsystems is the setting where the individual lives and includes family, school, peers and neighborhood. The individual helps construct the settings
2. Mesosystems involves relations between Microsystems e.g. relation of family experiences to school experiences for example, children whose parents are rejected them may have difficulty developing positive relationships with teachers.
3. The exosystem consist of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role on the individuals immediate context for example, a husband or child experiences at home may be influenced by mothers experience at work.
4. The macrosystem involves the culture in which individuals live.
5. The chronosystem consist of the pertaining of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as sociohistrorical circumstances. For example, a divorce me cause problems for a child in the first year, but subsequent years it lessens due to stability being established.
What is development
Development is a pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan. Most development involves growth although it also includes thedecline brought on by aging and dying.
What is euthanasia
Euthanasia is the active painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities, sometimes called mercy killing. The physician or a third-party administers the lethal medication or withhold life-sustaining treatment.
What are gender roles
A set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think act and feel
What is palliative care (hospice)
The type of care emphasized in the hospice, which involves reducing pain and suffering, and helping individuals die with dignity.
What is brain death
A neurological definition of death. A person is brain dead, when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. A flat EEG recording is one criterion of brain dead Ty.
What is correlation in research
Research that attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
Types of PTSD symptoms when coping with death involve
Intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration and other difficulties
What are some strategies for discussing death with children
Honesty based on the child’s maturity level
Support programs e.g family bereavement program 12 step program
.What is advanced directive
It is a process of patients, thinking about and communicating the preferences about end of life care. A living will is a legal document that reflects the patient’s advance care planning.
What is private speech
This use of language for self-regulation is called private speech (Lantolf, 2017). For Piaget, private speech
What is inner speech
After a while, the self-talk becomes second nature to children, and they can act without verbalizing. When they gain this skill, children have internalized their egocentric speech in the form of inner speech, which becomes their thoughts
What is placticity
It is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. The brain is wired to function in some way that differs from how it previously functioned.
What is plasticity
Is the ability of the neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. The brain is wired to function in some way that differs from how it previously functioned
What are normative age grades influences
This are influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group e.g biological processes such as puberty and menopause.
What are normative history graded influences
This are the influences that are common to people of a particular generation because do historical circumstances e.g. world war 11 and the great depression
What are non normative life events?
This are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individuals and these events do not happen to everyone and when they do occur they influence people differently e.g death, divorce etc
What are critical or sensitive time periods
These are specific time frames during which, according to ethologists, the presence or absence of certain experiences has a long-lasting
Who are the moral development theorists
Sigmund freud-According to Freud, children attempt to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection by identifying with parents and internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thus forming the superego—the moral.
Piaget- came up with heteronomous morality where Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. Autonomous morality where Children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.
The behavioral and social cognitive approaches initially described early in this edition focus on moral behavior rather than moral reasoning. Advocates of these perspectives hold that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior.
What are self conscious emotions
Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me”; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment.
” Self-conscious emotions include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, most of these occurring for the first time during the second half of the first year or within the second year. Some experts on emotion call self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride other-conscious emotions because they involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated (Saarni & others, 2006). For example, approval from parents is linked to toddlers’ beginning to show pride when they successfully complete a task
What are temperament styles
1.An easy child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
2.A difficult child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
3. A slow-to-warm-up child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
What is American attitude towards death
