Action Theories Flashcards
(35 cards)
What are behavior concepts?
Stimulus Control (classical conditioning)
Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning)
What does behavior therapy look at?
It looks at the impact of environmental events on behaviors and focuses on observable and measurable behavior
What is neo behaviorism
Drawing on Pavlov’s classical conditioning as well as stimulus-response theories, this focuses on observable measurable behavior
What is the social learning theory?
Based on the research of Albert Bandura, this approach seeks to understand the interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors in shaping behavior
Many strategies that clinicians use to enhance self-efficacy and reduce learned helpness reflect an understanding of social learning
What is cognitive behavior theory?
Reflected in the work of Meichenbaum, Ellis, and Beck, this approach looks at how cognitions shape behaviors and emotions.
This treatment system makes use of both cognitive and behavioral strategies to effect change
What is multimodal therapy?
Multimodal therapy integrates strategies from a wide range of treatment methodologies into a holistic systematic approach to assessment and treatment planning
What are the goals of behavior therapy?
Behavior Therapy seeks to extinguish maladaptive behaviors and help people learn new adaptive ones.
Reduction in use of drugs/alcohol
Improvement in concentration and organization
Reduction in undesirable behaviors in children such as tantrums, disobedience, acting out, aggressiveness, and difficulty going to bed
What is classical conditioning?
It was identified by Ivan Pavlov and is Demonstrated by simultaneously presenting an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus, researchers could elicit the dogs salivation using only the conditioned stimulus because the dogs learned to associate the sound with the meat
What else did Ivan Pavlov study?
He studied the process of extinction which is in reference to his observation that the conditioned response to a cue that predicted food delivery decreased and eventually disappeared when food no longer followed the cue
What is operant conditioning?
REINFORCEMENT/OPERANT CONDITIONING (SKINNER): it uses rewards and punishments to strengthen behavior.
STRENGTHENS BEHAVIOR IN THE SENSE OF INCREASING THE FREQUENCY OF ITS OCCURRENCE. IT WORKS WHEN THE CONSEQUENCES OF A BEHAVIOR INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF IT BEING REPEATED
what is positive reinforcement?
BEHAVIOR INCREASES WHEN A REINFORCER FOLLOWS IT. Positive reinforcement refers to the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior. The desirable stimulus reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the behavior will reoccur.
what is negative reinforcement?
BEHAVIOR INCREASES WHEN A REINFORCER IS TAKEN AWAY. ( I.E., A NEGATIVE CONDITION IS STOPPED OR AVOIDED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE BEHAVIOR THEREFORE, THE BEHAVIOR STRENGTHENS). Negative reinforcement is the encouragement of certain behaviors by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or stimuli. People typically use this technique to help children learn good patterns of behavior, but it can also play a role in training animals and pets.
Who was JB Watson?
John W Watson
Used Pavlov’s principles of classical conditioning and stimulus generalized, along with concepts of learning theory, to change human behavior
Rejecting psychoanalysis, then the prevailing treatment approach, Watson proposed what he called behaviorism
* Demonstrated that an unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus could lead a child to emit a conditioned response in reaction not only to a white rat but also to white cotton and Watson’s white hair
Who was BF SKinner?
Drawing on the principles of operant conditioning, Skinner used reward to gradually shape the behavior of pigeons until they learned to peck at a red disk. Skinner called this Operant behavior because the behavior “operated” on the environment and was controlled by its effects
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning refers to the schedules of reinforcement responsible for producing the new behavior
What is positive reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement refers to the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior. The desirable stimulus reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the behavior will reoccur. A behavior followed by positive reinforcement has an increased probability of being repeated. Involves a reward to a client upon completion of a desired behavior.
What is aversive stimulus?
aversive are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior via negative reinforcement or positive punishment. By applying an aversive immediately before or after a behavior the likelihood of the target behavior occurring in the future is reduced. The opposite of positive reinforcement, an aversive stimulus is something that might be found to be unpleasant. A behavior followed by an aversive stimulus results in a decreased probability of the behavior occurring in the future
What is negative reinforcement?
Involves the removal of an already active aversive stimulus. Therefore, behavior followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future
* Often mistaken for punishment, when in fact the two are separate, and important, concepts in behavioral therapy
What is Bandura’s social learning theory?
Behavior change can occur vicariously through observation of other people’s behavior” i.e. Modeling
What are the behavioral interventions based on social learning theory?
- Exposure
The therapist works with the client to develop a hierarchy of learned stimuli to assist the client in becoming unafraid of relatively minor fears, gradually progressing through increasingly fearful stimuli. Client should have control of the intensity, duration, frequency, and circumstances under which the fear responses occur. - Relaxation techniques
Used in conjunction with exposure based techniques - IMAGINAL
THE INDIVIDUAL IMAGINES THE FEARED STIMULUS. - IN VIVO (I.E. IN LIFE) IS PREFERRED.
A SHY PERSON IS GRADUALLY EXPOSED TO SOCIAL SITUATIONS. - FLOODING
- SHAPING
REINFORCING BEHAVIORS THAT ARE MORE LIKE THE DESIRED BEHAVIORS THAN THE UNDESIRED ONES ALONG A CONTINUUM OF SMALL STEPS. - TOKEN ECONOMIES AND TIME-OUTS.
- STICKER CHARTS, POTTY GIFTS, GRADES WITH MONEY.
- MODELING
FIVE TYPES OF MODELING –CLINICIAN, OBSERVING OTHERS, IMAGINAL, SYMBOLIC, SELF MODELING
What is mindfulness based cognitive therapy?
Mindfulness-based Cognitive therapy–is an experiential cognitive therapy treatment approach that was originally created as a relapse prevention treatment for depression based on Jon Kabat-Zinn’a mindfulness based stress reduction.
it focuses on cognitive change while it incorporates mindfulness meditation practice
What are MCBT theories and strategies?
An understanding of the mechanism by which depression is reactivated is one of the beneficial side effects of the development of MBCT. Human brains are hard-wired to react to threats and once those neural pathways have been developed, they are more likely to be activated by another event that the brain perceives as threatening
Through mindfulness meditation and the practice of acceptance, the aversive or avoidant feelings that keep the negative thoughts in the mind are eliminated
What is MBCT treatment?
Treatment Protocol
* Weeks 1-4 Developing skills, mindfulness, meditation training, present-moment awareness, recognition of thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, and behaviors
* Weeks 5-8 Shift toward recognition of more challenging thoughts and feelings, working on acceptance
People who practice mindfulness meditation are expected to set aside a certain amount of time daily for practice. They learn to conduct a body scan, to pay attention to their breathing, how to meditate, and how to bring their mind back to the present moment when it wanders.
What are reality therapist goals and concepts?
- Reality therapists pay little attention to the past. Instead they believe that past issues are expressed in present satisfying relationships and behaviors.
- Glasser does not ascribe to the disease model of mental illness. He accepts that people have symptoms, but does not believe there is anything wrong with their brains that cannot be changed through the synergistic effects of supportive relationships and changed actions
- Focus is on unsatisfying relationships
- Does not focus on finding fault.
what the client can control vs. talking about what the client cannot control. - THE ONLY PERSON YOU CAN CONTROL IS YOURSELF!
- Emphasis on responsibility
If we choose all we do, then we must be responsible for what we choose.
Focusing on what clients can choose allows clients to get closer to the people they need.
Clients may reject their responsibility “choosing to be sick or behaving in crazy ways”.