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TEAS > Life Science, ATI Manual > Flashcards

Life Science, ATI Manual Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules are what

A

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids

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2
Q

anabolic vs catabolic reactions

A

anabolic REQUIRES energy (build into bigger molecules), catabolic RELEASE energy (large molecules broken down into smaller)

Think “RELEASE THE CAT!”

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3
Q

endothermic vs exothermic reactions

A

both are chemical reactions

“endo” - absorb heat

“exo” - release heat

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4
Q

main source of energy (macromolecule)

A

carbohydrate

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5
Q

carbohydrates broken down into _______.

A

GLUCOSE (or the oxidation of carb)

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6
Q

glucose broken down via __________.

A

GLYCOLYSIS (respiration/fermentation)

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7
Q

CH₂0 is an example of what macromolecule

A

carbohydrate (look at chemical structure - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

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8
Q

name 3 examples of monosaccharides. also, what are monosaccharides?

A

they are simple sugars. disaccharides are also simple sugars, just with two monomers of sugar instead of one.

examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

monosaccharides = one (mono) carbon for every water molecule

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9
Q

what’s a monomer

A

a small molecule. can be linked together to make something even bigger.

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10
Q

many monomers make up a _________.

A

polymer!
a compound of large molecules - repeating monomers.

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11
Q

which macromolecule is NOT a polymer?

A

lipids!
carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers.

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12
Q

lipids are hydrophilic or phobic?

A

hydrophobic!
don’t mix (or bond) well with water

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13
Q

what kind of bonds do lipids have in abundance?

A

C-H bonds… similar to “hydrocarbons” in this way. hydrocarbon is how it looks… look at the spelling… it is a substance consisting only of hydrogen and carbon.

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14
Q

role of lipids? give a few examples.

A

energy storage and structural functions

examples: fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes.

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15
Q

made of long chains of fatty acids… also what is a fatty acid?

A

FATS (fats are triglycerides) tri - meaning 3… made of long chains of fatty acids, which are 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol.

fatty acids are chains with reduced carbon at one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other.

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16
Q

describe a phospholipid

A

lipids that have a phosphate group!!
NO FATTY ACID

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17
Q

Glyceride is what?

A

another type of lipid. EXAMPLE?

Fat and oil are examples. Formed from fatty acids + glycerol.

Glycerol is a type of alcohol.

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18
Q

Glycerol is a type of

A

ALCOHOL

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19
Q

macromolecules formed from amino acids?

A

PROTEINS! aka POLYPEPTIDES - which are many peptides linked together. Result of a certain type of reaction.

A peptide is a compound of 2 or more amino acids.

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20
Q

Peptide reactions are a result of

A

CONDENSATION REACTION. Results in a LOSS of water when two molecules are joined together.

Think when rain falls from a cloud, the result is condensation, or the cloud’s LOSS of water.

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21
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

opposite of condensation reaction. water is ADDED to the reaction.

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22
Q

Peptide is a

A

compound of 2 or more amino acids.

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23
Q

How are amino acids formed?

A

formed by the partial hydrolysis of protein, which forms an amide bond - this PARTIAL hydrolysis involves an amine group and a carboxylic acid.

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24
Q

When talking about the macromolecule PROTEIN… chemically, what determines the properties of the protein

A

the “R” group.

Made of several components…
-COOH which is the carboxylic acid
-NH₂ which is the amine group
- a central carbon atom with attached hydrogen
- an attached “R” group

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25
Q

what synthesizes and stores RNA

A

NUCLEOLUS

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26
Q

Ribosome do what

A

synthesize proteins from amino acids. Can be thousands. Some are mobile, some are embedded in Rough ER.

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27
Q

Golgi apparatus (complex)

A

synthesizes proteins and other materials headed OUTSIDE of the cell.

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28
Q

Vacuoles

A

Sacs for storage, digestion, waste removal. Animal and plant cells both have.

Think: “vacuum” what does a vacuum store

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29
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

2 types

Rough ER: rough is actually “rough”, think bumpy, it has ribosomes on it.

Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes on surface. Network that comprises the transport system of a cell.

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30
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Some cells have few, some have many. FUNCTION: GENERATE ATP, also involved in CELL GROWTH and DEATH.

*Contain their OWN DNA (wow, separate from DNA in nucleus)

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31
Q

4 in-depth functions mitochondria

A

cell energy, cell signaling, cellular differentiation, cell cycle/growth regulation.

AEROBIC RESPIRATION OCCURS HERE!!

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32
Q

Involved in mitosis and cell cycle

A

Centrosome

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33
Q

Involved in cellular division

A

Centrioles

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34
Q

know difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

IN MEIOSIS, PHASES HAPPEN TWICE! Meiosis encourages genetic diversity.

Result at end of meiosis 2 is four daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes. Daughter cells are haploid, which means they contain half the genetic material of parent cell. “Haploid sounds like half”

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35
Q

polypeptides are what

A

proteins - they’re many peptides linked together… proteins are formed from amino acids.

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36
Q

what do enzymes do

A

accelerate the speed at which specific reactions approach equilibrium. they’re never USED UP … they can be used AGAIN and AGAIN. Constant source of energy accelerant for cells

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37
Q

reactants aka

A

SUBSTRATES… the key in the lock analogy - the substrate has to be a match for the active site on the enzyme

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38
Q

Nucleic acids are what? composed of what?

A

nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of NUCLEOTIDES.

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39
Q

Hydrolysis is a reaction in which what happens?

A

water is broken down into hydrogen cations (H or H+) and hydroxide anions (OH or OH-) used to break down shorter strings of RNA/DNA (nucleic acids broken down by enzymes) into oligonucleotides. smallest unit is called nucleosides.

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40
Q

fancy name for DNA/RNA

A

macromolecular nucleic acid polymers

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41
Q

how are RNA/DNA formed? break it down

A

formed from nucleotides, which are monomeric units joined by phosphodiester bonds.

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42
Q

To replicate DNA - cells require energy in the form of

A

ATP to synthesize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins.

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43
Q

these store info and energy and are also important catalysts (not enzymes)

A

Nucleic acids
example: RNA catalyzes transfer of DNA genetic info INTO protein coded info.

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44
Q

this is an RNA nucleotide

A

ATP

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45
Q

what is used to form the nucleic acids?

A

NUCLEOTIDES

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46
Q

Nucleotides are made of a five-carbon sugar and what else?

A

five-carbon sugar such as ribose or deoxyribose, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphates.

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47
Q

Nuclotides with more than one phosphate have this special ability

A

CAN STORE ENERGY IN THEIR BONDS

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48
Q

Chromosomes consist of these units of genetic info

A

GENES.
Genes are made up of DNA, a nucleic acid located in cell nucleus. (also found in mitochondria).

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49
Q

DNA structure

A

consists of nucleotides - consist of a five-carbon sugar (pentose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Two bases pair up to form the rungs of ladder (double helix is twisted ladder shape)

Hydrogen bonds attach the bases to each other which can easily be dismantled so REPLICATION can occur.

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50
Q

4 types of _____ bases (DNA)

A

nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T). There are about 3 billion bases in human DNA, they’re mostly the same in everyone, but their order is different. The ORDER of these bases that creates diversity!

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51
Q

pairs with DNA

A

A –> T
C –> G

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52
Q

5 DNA bases in DNA and RNA are categorized as

A

PYRIMIDINE or PURINE

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53
Q

PYRMIDINE bases are

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
six-sided, single ring shape

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54
Q

PURINE bases are

A

guanine and adenine

“GA” think… remember “GA” as in GA-GA… because a “Baby is ‘PURE’”

two attached rings, one has 5 sides and other has 6 sides.

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55
Q

tip: if it ends in “OSINE” its formed from a

A

PURINE base.

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56
Q

tip: if it ends in “IDINE” its formed from a

A

PYRMIDINE base.

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57
Q

what’s a codon

A

groups of 3 nucleotides on the messenger RNA, looks like 3 rungs on a ladder.

a CODON has the “CODE” for a single amino acid.
64 codons, 20 amino acids.

Examples: AAA or AAG (both code for lysine).

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58
Q

how do you read this:

AAAUCUUCGU

A

read in groups of 3. look for the start and stop codon.

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59
Q

what is the start codon

A

AUG

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60
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG (all start with U)

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61
Q

When replication starts, what happens to the DNA?

A

It unwinds.

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62
Q

This controls DNA replication

A

enzymes, specifically HELICASE

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63
Q

“origin of replication” is used to refer what?

A

where the splitting “ORIGINATES” or starts when hydrogen bonds begin to be split during DNA replication

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64
Q

“replication fork”

A

the portion of the DNA that is unwound to be replicated

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65
Q

Each strand of DNA is TRANSCRIBED by

A

an mRNA. It copies the DNA onto itself, base by base in a complementary manner. Exception is that URACIL REPLACES THYMINE.

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66
Q

URACIL replaces what? during DNA replication

A

THYMINE

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67
Q

mRNA function. also there are different types of RNA, what are they?

A

acts as a helper to DNA and carries out a number of other functions.

mRNA - carries copy of a strand of DNA and transports it rom nucleus to the cytoplasm
tRNA - helps in translation process (what “t” stands for)
rRNA - hasn’t changed much. used to study relationships of organisms.

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68
Q

what is transcription?

A

process in which RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA.

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69
Q

what is translation?

A

process whereby ribosomes use transcribed RNA to put together the needed protein.

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70
Q

Big difference between DNA and RNA (structure wise)

A

RNA has ribose sugar while
DNA has deoxyribose sugar

bases for RNA are A,G,C, and U

Uracil only found in RNA
Thymine only found in DNA

RNA = single strand (one “backbone”)
DNA = two strands

RNA supports the functions carried out by DNA

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71
Q

Mendel’s Laws

A

2 laws
Law of Segregation: there are 2 alleles and half of the total number of alleles are contributed by each parent organism.

Law of Independent Assortment: states are passed on randomly and not influenced by other traits.

72
Q

Punnett Square

A

shows how alleles combine from genes to form various PHENOTYPES (“ph” for “physical” manifestation of genes)

73
Q

collectively, all genes form the ______ of a person.

A

genotype. includes genes that aren’t expressed (aka recessive genes).

74
Q

what is an allele?

A

a variation of a gene AKA a TRAIT

75
Q

AKA a trait

A

an allele

76
Q

Locus refers to the

A

location of a gene or alleles

77
Q

in a Punnett square, uppercase letter means

A

DOMINANT trait

LOWER CASE MEANS recessive trait

78
Q

DD and dd are homozygous pairs or heterozygous

A

HOMOZYGOUS because they’re the same. You’re much more familiar with root words so this should be pretty obvious.

79
Q

Genetic crosses are a fancy name for

A

the possible combinations of alleles.. are represented using Punnett squares.
a MONOHYBRID CROSS refers to a cross involving only one trait.

80
Q

If one parent has a pair of dominant genes (DD) and the other has a pair of recessive (dd) genes, the recessive trait can or cannot be expressed?

A

cannot! the next generation will receive the resulting crosses - all (Dd) genotypes

81
Q

If they ask the percentage if heterozygous plant pods are crossed, just do the math! get a paper and draw a Punnett square.

A

It’s asking if you have Dd and Dd and they cross… what’s the outcome for the generation.

50% heterozygous green
25% homozygous green
25% homozygous yellow

82
Q

In a dihybrid cross between two traits with two homozygous alleles (DD) and (dd)

A

generation will be 100% heterozygous. however in the next generation you’ll get a 9:3:3:1 ratio (don’t ask pg 120)

83
Q

what’s co-dominance

A

refers to expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown. ABO blood system example of co-dominant system

84
Q

what’s incomplete dominance

A

when both dominant and recessive genes are expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is a mixture of the two.
Example: snapdragons can be red, pink, or white
Red - RR
White - rr
Pink - Rr

85
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

refers to environmental influence on development, not just genes.

86
Q

multiple alleles

A

a gene with more than 2 possible alleles known as a multiple allele. Blood type for example, can be A,B, or O.

87
Q

Pieces of an atom

A

nucleus is positively charged with protons, electrons orbit the nucleus and are negatively charged.

88
Q

atoms bond together to make

A

molecules

89
Q

ion

A

if the # of protons and electrons in an atom is not equal, the atom has a positive or negative charge.

90
Q

ion gains electrons it becomes

A

negative, called an ANION

91
Q

ion loses electrons it becomes

A

positive, called a CATION

92
Q

this is formed between ions with opposite charges

A

ionic bond, must be oppositely charged

93
Q

neutral particles into charged particles

A

called ionization

94
Q

a compound is made when

A

two or more different types of atoms bind together chemically

95
Q

chemical bonding defined

A

a union between the electron structures of atoms

96
Q

covalent bonding defined

A

atoms that share electrons have what is called a covalent bond. electrons shared equally have a non-polar bond, while electrons shared unequally have a polar bond

97
Q

hydrogen bonding defined

A

the atom of a molecule interacts with a hydrogen atom in the same area. Hydrogen bonds can also form between two different parts of the same molecule, as in the structure of DNA and other large molecules.

98
Q

number of PROTONS in the nucleus of an atom

A

atomic number

99
Q

if the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons, what kind of charge does atom have?

A

neutral!

100
Q

what’s atomic mass

A

TOTAL number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. we don’t weight the electrons because they weight so little it’s irrelevant

101
Q

isotope is stable, what’s that mean?

A

have not been observed to decay (non-radioactive)

102
Q

isotope is unstable, it means…

A

its radioactive! nuclei is unusable and can undergo spontaneous nuclear reactions, which results in particles or radiation being emitted.

103
Q

electrons are subatomic particles that travel how?

A

orbit the nucleus

104
Q

referred to as layers, shells, or clouds

A

electrons

105
Q

part of lepton family

A

electrons

106
Q

outermost shell of an atom in its uncombined state is known as the

A

valence shell - electrons in this outermost ring are called valence electrons

107
Q

bonding behavior of electrons determined by

A

valence electrons, and how many electrons in the valence shell

108
Q

something called a “dipole” is created when

A

one atom exerts slightly more force in a bond than another. (electronegativity)

109
Q

In electronegativity, if the electronegative difference between 2 atoms is small, the atoms will form a what? if the difference is large, it will form a what? what will form if NO electronegativity?

A

polar covalent bond if small.
if large difference, ionic bond will occur.
a pure non polar covalent bond.

110
Q

most basic type of matter is

A

an element - CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN.

111
Q

smallest UNIT of an element is

A

an ATOM

112
Q

A chemical compound of 2 or more types of elements is called a

A

COMPOUND

113
Q

most elements occur in single-atom form, but some occur naturally in pairs - called what?

A

diatomic elements
examples: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

114
Q

in the periodic table, the horizontal rows are referred to as what? the columns?

A

the rows are called PERIODS
the columns are called GROUPS/FAMILIES… you’ll notice in groups, they have the same number of electrons in outer shell, or same configuration of electrons (look at the group number - number above column.. 2nd digit tells u how many electrons in outer shell)

115
Q

orientation of periodic table… how is it arranged?

A

METALS are situated at left end of periodic table (make up majority of table)
METALLOIDS ARE IN THE MIDDLE
NONMETALS are located to the right

116
Q

in the periodic table, the highest group is group 18, or the noble gases. each element in this group has a full complement of electrons in its outer level… making the reactivity ___________.

A

LOW!!!

117
Q

Reactivity is

A

the tendency of a substance to engage in chemical reactions

118
Q

periodicity is

A

allows us to predict an elements reactivity based on its position on the periodic table

119
Q

high numbered groups on the right side of the periodic table have a fuller complement of electrons in their outer levels, making them less likely to

A

REACT!

120
Q

difference between intensive properties vs extensive properties

A

different properties of a material ie melting point, color, hardness, weight, energy, electrical charge etc etc

these terms just categorize properties…
intensive properties don’t change if quality/size of property changes (ie temperature)
extensive properties change if quality/size of sample changes (ie electrical charge)

121
Q

physical properties are

A

any property of matter that can be observed/measured

122
Q

specific heat means what

A

it’s the heat capacity per unit mass. different elements take different amounts of heat energy to raise their temperature

123
Q

thermal equilibrium

A

no net heat transfer

124
Q

conduction

A

form of heat transfer that requires contact.

125
Q

example of a chemical property changing into a different chemical is what kind of property

A

a chemical property

126
Q

hydrogen bonds are what compared to ionic and covalent bonds

A

WEAKER

127
Q

water molecule, polar or nonpolar

A

positively charged on hydrogen end and partially negatively charged on other end (oxygen end).

128
Q

if I say hydrogen is oxidized.. what’s that mean?

A

it’s number of electrons is REDUCED!!

129
Q

hydrogen bonds are an important quality of water -

A

giving it its high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, its solvent qualities, its adhesiveness, cohesiveness, hydrophobic qualities, ability to float in solid form.

130
Q

passive transport mechanisms

A

things like diffusion, osmosis… NO energy required from the cell

131
Q

Diffusion and examples

A

occurs when particles are transported from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Examples: gas exchange - Co2 and O2

132
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

occurs when specific molecules are transported by a specific carrier protein

133
Q

Carrier proteins

A

vary in terms of size, shape, and charge. Glucose and amino acids are examples of substances transported by carrier proteins.

134
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of WATER through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration.

135
Q

A plant that swells because of water retention is said to be

A

TURGID

136
Q

solids, liquids, gases… strongest bonds are between

A

SOLIDS

137
Q

for solid to become liquid, solid must pass the melting point to overcome the what?

A

latent heat of fusion

138
Q

for liquid to become a gas, heat must be added at the boiling point to overcome the what?

A

latent heat of vaporization

139
Q

is water more or less dense in a solid state?

A

less dense! why it floats!

140
Q

solid to gas conversion is known as

A

SUBLIMATION

141
Q

gas to solid conversion is known as

A

deposition

142
Q

atmospheric pressure can do what to the evaporation process?

A

decrease or increase it

143
Q

accelerates chemical reactions

A

catalysts

144
Q

decreases chemical reaction rates

A

inhibitors

145
Q

in chemical equations, what are the numbers on the left side of the arrow called? the right side?

A

left side called the reactants
right side called the products

the arrow indicates the reaction or change
the number BEFORE the element is called the coefficient

146
Q

an “unbalanced equation” is one that does not follow the

A

law of conservation of mass, which states that matter can only be changed, not created

147
Q

what’s the octet rule

A

describes the tendency of atoms to gain or lose electrons until their outer energy levels contain EIGHT. can result in new products being generated which were not present in isolation before reaction occurred.

148
Q

reactant is what

A

a substance undergoing change

149
Q

reagent is what

A

is a partner in the reaction less transformed than the reactant (such as a catalyst)

150
Q

product is a what

A

final result of the reaction

151
Q

five basic chemical reactions are

A

combination, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion reactions

152
Q

what’s a combination reaction

A

two or more reactants combine to form a single product or A + B = C

also called SYNTHESIS or ADDITION REACTIONS

153
Q

what’s a decomposition reaction

A

chemical reactions where a single compound breaks down into component parts or simpler compounds.
layman’s terms: breaks down one compound into two or more compounds or substances that are different from original.

Ex: A ——> B + C

different types
most are ENDOTHERMIC
separation processes include filtration, crystallization, distillation, chromatography

154
Q

what’s a single replacement reaction

A

aka single substitution, displacement, or replacement reactions

occur when one reactant is displaced by another to form the final product

Ex: A + BC –> B + AC
can be cationic or anionic

155
Q

what’s a single replacement reaction

A

aka single substitution, displacement, or replacement reactions

occur when one reactant is displaced by another to form the final product

Ex: A + BC –> B + AC
can be cationic or anionic

156
Q

what’s a double replacement reaction

A

double displacement, double replacement, substitution, metathesis, or ion exchange reactions occur

when ions or bonds are exchanged by two compounds to form different compounds

AC + BD —> AD + BC

two different products formed

known as metathesis reactions - oxidation number of atoms does not change

157
Q

what is a combustion reaction

A

involves fuel and an oxidant that produces heat sometimes light!
it’s an exothermic process, releasing energy.

158
Q

Examples of exothermic energy

A

heat, light, electricity, sound

159
Q

what are catalysts

A

change rate of reaction without changing their form - increase reaction rate by decreasing the number of steps it takes to form products.

mass stays the same.

160
Q

minimum amount required to get a reaction started

A

activation energy

161
Q

pH stands for

A

potential of hydrogen

162
Q

what is pH

A

is a measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of H+ per liter of solution. All substances fall between 0 and 14. Lower pH indicates higher H+ concentration (acid) while a higher pH indicates lower H+ concentration.

163
Q

pH of pure water

A

7.
Anything lower than 7 is acidic.
Anything higher than 7 is a base.

164
Q

Bases

A

bitter taste, soapy/slippery texture to the touch, in reacting with acids - produces salts
AKA as ALKALINE

yield HYDROXIDE IONS (instead of hydrogen ions)

165
Q

Acids

A

the ionization of H atoms.

carboxylic acids are also characterized by ionization, but of the O atoms.

Other properties: have sour taste, change color of litmus paper to red, produce gaseous H2 in reaction with some metals, produce salt precipates in reaction with bases

166
Q

The strength of an acid or base is a reflection of the degree to which its atoms

A

ionize in a solution!

when only a few atoms ionize, the acid is WEAK.
reactivity can also indicate the strength of an acid/base.

167
Q

Salts

A

formed from acid/base reactions. Calcium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate are examples

168
Q

Salt and water can react to form a base and an acid. This is called a _______ reaction.

A

hydrolysis reaction

169
Q

What characteristic of an element determines its specific isotope?

A

number of neutrons!

(number of protons determines what element it is)

170
Q

Its sugar is more reduced than DNA’s sugar

A

RNA

171
Q

The taxonomy ranks run from largest to smallest:

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti

172
Q

To calculate the atomic mass,

A

we must sum the number of protons and the number of neutrons inside of the nucleus

173
Q

What type of cells result from mitosis?

A

Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells that have the same genetic material as the original mother cell.

174
Q

The presence of which hormone would NOT cause an increase in water retention?

A

ANP, or Atrial Natiuretic Peptide is a hormone released in response to increased blood volume and pressure that produces vasodilation. As a consequence of this vasodilation, the excretion of both sodium and water increases in order to return to the homeostatic conditions prior to increased blood volume and pressure. Because excretion of water increases, ANP causes a decrease in water retention and not an increase.

175
Q

Which of the following hormones are secreted directly by the hypothalamus?

A

dopamine

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