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Life Science Flashcards

1
Q

heterotroph

A

organisms that cannot produce their own food

they use cellular respiration

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2
Q

rough ER

A

has ribosomes attached to it. all secreted proteins pass through this. new proteins enter the interior (called lumen) to be chemically modified and tagged for delivery. proteins are transported to other locations in the cell.

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3
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breakdown; chromosome attachment to spindle

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4
Q

organisms that cannot produce their own food

they use cellular respiration

A

heterotroph

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5
Q

molecule found in nucleic acids that encodes genetic info in cells

5 types: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil

A

nitrogenous base

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6
Q

no ribosomes on the membrane so it is smooth. drugs and pesticides can be chemically modified here. glycogen is broken down and calcium is stored here and it is where lipids and steroids are synthesized

A

smooth ER

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7
Q

where chromosomes and their sister chromatids line up down the middle of the nucleus during cell division.

spindle fibers form between the centrosomes (on each side of the nucleus) and pull the sister chromatids toward a different centrosome.

A

metaphase

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8
Q

complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes

A

genome

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9
Q

RNA

A

nucleic acid

temporary molecule that can be modified, has OH instead of H so it can be more reactive. single stranded. can fold according to base pairs. info from DNA is transmitted through these to specify amino acid sequences of protein

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10
Q

cytokinesis

A

cell seperation; cell membrane and/or wall formation

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11
Q

pentose

A

type of sugar

deoxyribose in DNA

ribose in RNA

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12
Q

stage of interphase

cell spends a long time carrying out its specialized functions

DNA double helix unwaids and exposes the bases

RNA bases pair with complementary partners on DNA to form mRNA. after DNA is copied the DNA double helix closes and mRNA exits the nucleus

A

G1

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13
Q

offspring that has the same allele from each parent for a trait

A

homozygous

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14
Q

microtubules-organizing centers that help to form and organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

A

centrosomes

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15
Q

nucleolus

A

small body within nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm

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16
Q

mismatch repair

A

mechanism that scans over DNA to find any mismatched bases (after DNA replication)

if a mismatch occurs, the incorrect base is removed and replaced with a correct base to prevent mutation

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17
Q

a substance that induces mutations

A

mutagen

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18
Q

nuclear envelope breakdown; chromosome attachment to spindle

A

prometaphase

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19
Q

seperates 2 sets of chromosomes into different cells

last step of mitosis

A

cytokinesis

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20
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers of nucleotides that store, transmit and express hereditary/genetic info. two types: DNA and RNA

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21
Q

after DNA replication, DNA sequences (of bases) being copied into RNA

A

transcription

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22
Q

chloroplast

A

organelles in plants that contain chlorophyll

chlorophyll captures sunlight to be used to produce glucose during photosynthesis

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23
Q

excision repair

A

mechanisms that inspect the DNA for damage (such as harmful chemicals or UV rays) and repairs it

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24
Q

metaphase

A

where chromosomes and their sister chromatids line up down the middle of the nucleus during cell division.

spindle fibers form between the centrosomes (on each side of the nucleus) and pull the sister chromatids toward a different centrosome.

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25
Q

the region of a prokaryotic cell that contains chromosome

it is not bound by a membrane

A

nucleoid

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26
Q

rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency hat houses organelles

A

cytoplasm

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27
Q

golgi apparatus

A

composed of flattened sacs (cisternae) and membrane enclosed vesicles. vesicles with protein are budded off the ER and are fused here. proteins are modified further (like adding carbs/sugars to them). like the post office. proteins are received, modified, sent off. three regions. cis, trans and medial

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28
Q

process plants use to make energy

sunlightis trapped by chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose.

CO2, H20 and energy from sun are used to make ATP in the chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

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29
Q

type of base with single rings. cytosine, thymine and uracil

A

pyrimidine

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30
Q

cell differentation

A

determines what cell type each cell will become

genes control differentiation of each cell

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31
Q

prokaryotes

A

single celled organism that does not contain a nucleus

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32
Q

classification of organisms

hierarchy

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

A

taxonomy

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33
Q

offspring that has different alleles for a particular trait

A

heterozygous

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34
Q

haploid cells

A

cells that contain a single set of chromosomes

in mammals, only gametes are these

some organisms have more of these

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35
Q

alignment of chromosomes at equatorial plate

A

metaphase

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36
Q

organisms that contain genetic material inside a nucleus

A

eukaryotes

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37
Q

condensation of chromosomes; spindle assembly

A

prophase

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38
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms that contain genetic material inside a nucleus

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39
Q

different forms of genes

A

alleles

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40
Q

an organism’s underlying genetic makeup

A

genotype

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41
Q

DNA

A

nucleic acid

polymer of nucleotide subunits (A, T, G, C). stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. made of pentose sugar, base and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable

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42
Q

determines what cell type each cell will become

genes control differentiation of each cell

A

cell differentation

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43
Q

stage of interphase

cell’s DNA is replicated

enzymes help DNA double helix unwind. exposed bases of DNA chain pair with new complementary bases with the help of DNA polymerase. 2 new strands of DNA (each with half from the original DNA and half newly synthesized)

A

S

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44
Q

transcription

A

after DNA replication, DNA sequences (of bases) being copied into RNA

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45
Q

vacuole

A

type of vesicle

storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds

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46
Q

an organism that is able to produce its own food

these use photosynthesis to live

A

autotroph

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47
Q

nucleotides

A

these make up nucleic acids

consist of pentose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base

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48
Q

some species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment because of mutations and combinations of alleles

A

adaptation

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49
Q

codons

A

sequences of 3 nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G) in genes.

there are 64 of these that matches a specific amino acid

there are 20 amino acids so some of these match the same amino acid

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50
Q

chromosomes

A

contain of subunits of genes (which contain DNA and the bluiprints for making an individual)

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51
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes on the membrane so it is smooth. drugs and pesticides can be chemically modified here. glycogen is broken down and calcium is stored here and it is where lipids and steroids are synthesized

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52
Q

peroxisome

A

type of vesicle

gets rid of the body’s toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide

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53
Q

type of vesicle

gets rid of the body’s toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisome

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54
Q

cels that form a new organism via sexual reproduction

A

gametes

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55
Q

stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism’s characteristics

exists in different forms called alleles

contain info that specifies production of proteins

A

genes

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56
Q

stage of interphase

cell makes preparations for mitosis

includes protein synthesis and cell growth in preparation for cell division

A

G2

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57
Q

single celled organism that does not contain a nucleus

A

prokaryotes

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58
Q

interphase

A

the stages of cell replication that include G1 (gap) S (synthesis) and G2.

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59
Q

type of vesicle

storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds

A

vacuole

60
Q

contain of subunits of genes (which contain DNA and the bluiprints for making an individual)

A

chromosomes

61
Q

type of sugar

deoxyribose in DNA

ribose in RNA

A

pentose

62
Q

mechanisms that inspect the DNA for damage (such as harmful chemicals or UV rays) and repairs it

A

excision repair

63
Q

cell seperation; cell membrane and/or wall formation

A

cytokinesis

64
Q

phase of cell cycle

consists of mitosis and cytokinesis

A

M phase

65
Q

animal/plant in the early stages of development after fertilization

a zygote (fertilized egg) starts dividing and becomes a mass of cells

produces more specialized cell from a less specialized cell

occurs during all stages of development (including adults)

A

embryo

66
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that is able to produce its own food

these use photosynthesis to live

67
Q

germ cells

A

reproductive cells that produce sperm and ovum

68
Q

type of base with double rings. adenine and guanine

A

purine

69
Q

some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than other individuals

the characteristics that enable those individuals to survive and inherited and passed on to offspring

A

natural selection

70
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell. produces ATP

have cristae (series of folds) that contain enzymes

71
Q

pyrimidine

A

type of base with single rings. cytosine, thymine and uracil

72
Q

photosynthesis

A

process plants use to make energy

sunlightis trapped by chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose.

CO2, H20 and energy from sun are used to make ATP in the chloroplast

73
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

74
Q

cells that divide and remain undifferentiated

types are totipotent, puripotent and multipotent

A

stem cells

75
Q

DNA material distict from chromosomes

A

plasmid

76
Q

G2

A

stage of interphase

cell makes preparations for mitosis

includes protein synthesis and cell growth in preparation for cell division

77
Q

cellular respiration

A

process where heterotrophs use glucose to produce ATP

glucose is broken down by glycolysis (which transfers some of the energy to ATP), end products are sent to citric acid cycle to produce ATP.

glycolysis and citric acid cycle.

mitochondria carries out this process.

glucose and oxygen is used to produce CO2, H20 and energy

78
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when the dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype (a mix of the 2 traits)

79
Q

powerhouse of the cell. produces ATP

have cristae (series of folds) that contain enzymes

A

mitochondria

80
Q

reproductive cells that produce sperm and ovum

A

germ cells

81
Q

chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelope re-forms

A

telophase

82
Q

homozygous

A

offspring that has the same allele from each parent for a trait

83
Q

centrosomes

A

microtubules-organizing centers that help to form and organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

84
Q

when the dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype (a mix of the 2 traits)

A

incomplete dominance

85
Q

cell division for gemetes

results in extra genetic variability among offspring

A

meiosis

86
Q

S

A

stage of interphase

cell’s DNA is replicated

enzymes help DNA double helix unwind. exposed bases of DNA chain pair with new complementary bases with the help of DNA polymerase. 2 new strands of DNA (each with half from the original DNA and half newly synthesized)

87
Q

phenotype

A

physical expression of genetic traits

ex. hair or eye color

caused by interaction of genotype and environment

88
Q

purine

A

type of base with double rings. adenine and guanine

89
Q

microtubules

A

cellular tracks that form mitotic spindle during mitosis (which helps organize and segregate chromosomes)

90
Q

mutagen

A

a substance that induces mutations

91
Q

stem cells

A

cells that divide and remain undifferentiated

types are totipotent, puripotent and multipotent

92
Q

cells that contain a single set of chromosomes

in mammals, only gametes are these

some organisms have more of these

A

haploid cells

93
Q

prophase

A

condensation of chromosomes; spindle assembly

94
Q

physical expression of genetic traits

ex. hair or eye color

caused by interaction of genotype and environment

A

phenotype

95
Q

changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions

permamnent changes in DNA sequences

A

mutations

96
Q

cytokinesis

A

seperates 2 sets of chromosomes into different cells

last step of mitosis

97
Q

nitrogenous base

A

molecule found in nucleic acids that encodes genetic info in cells

5 types: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil

98
Q

embryo

A

animal/plant in the early stages of development after fertilization

a zygote (fertilized egg) starts dividing and becomes a mass of cells

produces more specialized cell from a less specialized cell

occurs during all stages of development (including adults)

99
Q

polymers of nucleotides that store, transmit and express hereditary/genetic info. two types: DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

100
Q

mitosis

A

the process of cell duplicatoin where 2 daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell

101
Q

genes

A

stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism’s characteristics

exists in different forms called alleles

contain info that specifies production of proteins

102
Q

mutations

A

changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions

permamnent changes in DNA sequences

103
Q

these make up nucleic acids

consist of pentose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base

A

nucleotides

104
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelope re-forms

105
Q

has ribosomes attached to it. all secreted proteins pass through this. new proteins enter the interior (called lumen) to be chemically modified and tagged for delivery. proteins are transported to other locations in the cell.

A

rough ER

106
Q

nucleoid

A

the region of a prokaryotic cell that contains chromosome

it is not bound by a membrane

107
Q

sequences of 3 nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G) in genes.

there are 64 of these that matches a specific amino acid

there are 20 amino acids so some of these match the same amino acid

A

codons

108
Q

lysosome

A

type of vesicle

contains digestive enzymes that can dispose of cellular debris

109
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment in plants that traps sunlight to be used for photosynthesis

110
Q

gametes

A

cels that form a new organism via sexual reproduction

111
Q

type of vesicle

contains digestive enzymes that can dispose of cellular debris

A

lysosome

112
Q

cells that contain two sets of chromosomes. each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome(called a homologous chromosome).

in mammals, all cells but gametes are these

A

diploid cells

113
Q

the stages of cell replication that include G1 (gap) S (synthesis) and G2.

A

interphase

114
Q

organelles in plants that contain chlorophyll

chlorophyll captures sunlight to be used to produce glucose during photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

115
Q

nucleic acid

temporary molecule that can be modified, has OH instead of H so it can be more reactive. single stranded. can fold according to base pairs. info from DNA is transmitted through these to specify amino acid sequences of protein

A

RNA

116
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a bunch of membranes that give it a large surface area. two types of it, rough (with ribosomes) and smooth

responsible for moving proteins from one part of a cell to another and for moving proteins out of the cel

117
Q

a bunch of membranes that give it a large surface area. two types of it, rough (with ribosomes) and smooth

responsible for moving proteins from one part of a cell to another and for moving proteins out of the cel

A

endoplasmic reticulum

118
Q

mechanism that scans over DNA to find any mismatched bases (after DNA replication)

if a mismatch occurs, the incorrect base is removed and replaced with a correct base to prevent mutation

A

mismatch repair

119
Q

metaphase

A

alignment of chromosomes at equatorial plate

120
Q

small body within nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm

A

nucleolus

121
Q

anaphase

A

seperation of chromatids; migration to poles

122
Q

genotype

A

an organism’s underlying genetic makeup

123
Q

translation

A

nucleotide sequence (of bases) in mRNA specify sequences of amino acids in proteins

protein production from m RNA

occurs at ribosome

124
Q

molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together

A

phosphate group

125
Q

M phase

A

phase of cell cycle

consists of mitosis and cytokinesis

126
Q

meiosis

A

cell division for gemetes

results in extra genetic variability among offspring

127
Q

seperation of chromatids; migration to poles

A

anaphase

128
Q

nucleotide sequence (of bases) in mRNA specify sequences of amino acids in proteins

protein production from m RNA

A

translation

129
Q

heterozygous

A

offspring that has different alleles for a particular trait

130
Q

adaptation

A

some species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment because of mutations and combinations of alleles

131
Q

diploid cells

A

cells that contain two sets of chromosomes. each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome(called a homologous chromosome).

in mammals, all cells but gametes are these

132
Q

cytoplasm

A

rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency hat houses organelles

133
Q

natural selection

A

some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than other individuals

the characteristics that enable those individuals to survive and inherited and passed on to offspring

134
Q

plasmid

A

DNA material distict from chromosomes

135
Q

nucleic acid

polymer of nucleotide subunits (A, T, G, C). stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. made of pentose sugar, base and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable

A

DNA

136
Q

phosphate group

A

molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together

137
Q

composed of flattened sacs (cisternae) and membrane enclosed vesicles. vesicles with protein are budded off the ER and are fused here. proteins are modified further (like adding carbs/sugars to them). like the post office. proteins are received, modified, sent off. three regions. cis, trans and medial

A

golgi apparatus

138
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

139
Q

taxonomy

A

classification of organisms

hierarchy

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

140
Q

cellular tracks that form mitotic spindle during mitosis (which helps organize and segregate chromosomes)

A

microtubules

141
Q

green pigment in plants that traps sunlight to be used for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

142
Q

alleles

A

different forms of genes

143
Q

process where heterotrophs use glucose to produce ATP

glucose is broken down by glycolysis (which transfers some of the energy to ATP), end products are sent to citric acid cycle to produce ATP.

glycolysis and citric acid cycle.

mitochondria carries out this process.

glucose and oxygen is used to produce CO2, H20 and energy

A

cellular respiration

144
Q

G1

A

stage of interphase

cell spends a long time carrying out its specialized functions

DNA double helix unwaids and exposes the bases

RNA bases pair with complementary partners on DNA to form mRNA. after DNA is copied the DNA double helix closes and mRNA exits the nucleus

145
Q

genome

A

complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes

146
Q

the process of cell duplicatoin where 2 daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell

A

mitosis

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