Life Science Flashcards
1
Q
heterotroph
A
organisms that cannot produce their own food
they use cellular respiration
2
Q
rough ER
A
has ribosomes attached to it. all secreted proteins pass through this. new proteins enter the interior (called lumen) to be chemically modified and tagged for delivery. proteins are transported to other locations in the cell.
3
Q
prometaphase
A
nuclear envelope breakdown; chromosome attachment to spindle
4
Q
organisms that cannot produce their own food
they use cellular respiration
A
heterotroph
5
Q
molecule found in nucleic acids that encodes genetic info in cells
5 types: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil
A
nitrogenous base
6
Q
no ribosomes on the membrane so it is smooth. drugs and pesticides can be chemically modified here. glycogen is broken down and calcium is stored here and it is where lipids and steroids are synthesized
A
smooth ER
7
Q
where chromosomes and their sister chromatids line up down the middle of the nucleus during cell division.
spindle fibers form between the centrosomes (on each side of the nucleus) and pull the sister chromatids toward a different centrosome.
A
metaphase
8
Q
complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes
A
genome
9
Q
RNA
A
nucleic acid
temporary molecule that can be modified, has OH instead of H so it can be more reactive. single stranded. can fold according to base pairs. info from DNA is transmitted through these to specify amino acid sequences of protein
10
Q
cytokinesis
A
cell seperation; cell membrane and/or wall formation
11
Q
pentose
A
type of sugar
deoxyribose in DNA
ribose in RNA
12
Q
stage of interphase
cell spends a long time carrying out its specialized functions
DNA double helix unwaids and exposes the bases
RNA bases pair with complementary partners on DNA to form mRNA. after DNA is copied the DNA double helix closes and mRNA exits the nucleus
A
G1
13
Q
offspring that has the same allele from each parent for a trait
A
homozygous
14
Q
microtubules-organizing centers that help to form and organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
A
centrosomes
15
Q
nucleolus
A
small body within nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm
16
Q
mismatch repair
A
mechanism that scans over DNA to find any mismatched bases (after DNA replication)
if a mismatch occurs, the incorrect base is removed and replaced with a correct base to prevent mutation
17
Q
a substance that induces mutations
A
mutagen
18
Q
nuclear envelope breakdown; chromosome attachment to spindle
A
prometaphase
19
Q
seperates 2 sets of chromosomes into different cells
last step of mitosis
A
cytokinesis
20
Q
nucleic acids
A
polymers of nucleotides that store, transmit and express hereditary/genetic info. two types: DNA and RNA
21
Q
after DNA replication, DNA sequences (of bases) being copied into RNA
A
transcription
22
Q
chloroplast
A
organelles in plants that contain chlorophyll
chlorophyll captures sunlight to be used to produce glucose during photosynthesis
23
Q
excision repair
A
mechanisms that inspect the DNA for damage (such as harmful chemicals or UV rays) and repairs it
24
Q
metaphase
A
where chromosomes and their sister chromatids line up down the middle of the nucleus during cell division.
spindle fibers form between the centrosomes (on each side of the nucleus) and pull the sister chromatids toward a different centrosome.
25
the region of a prokaryotic cell that contains chromosome
it is not bound by a membrane
nucleoid
26
rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency hat houses organelles
cytoplasm
27
golgi apparatus
composed of flattened sacs (cisternae) and membrane enclosed vesicles. vesicles with protein are budded off the ER and are fused here. proteins are modified further (like adding carbs/sugars to them). like the post office. proteins are received, modified, sent off. three regions. cis, trans and medial
28
process plants use to make energy
sunlightis trapped by chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose.
CO2, H20 and energy from sun are used to make ATP in the chloroplast
photosynthesis
29
type of base with single rings. cytosine, thymine and uracil
pyrimidine
30
cell differentation
determines what cell type each cell will become
genes control differentiation of each cell
31
prokaryotes
single celled organism that does not contain a nucleus
32
classification of organisms
hierarchy
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
taxonomy
33
offspring that has different alleles for a particular trait
heterozygous
34
haploid cells
cells that contain a single set of chromosomes
in mammals, only gametes are these
some organisms have more of these
35
alignment of chromosomes at equatorial plate
metaphase
36
organisms that contain genetic material inside a nucleus
eukaryotes
37
condensation of chromosomes; spindle assembly
prophase
38
eukaryotes
organisms that contain genetic material inside a nucleus
39
different forms of genes
alleles
40
an organism's underlying genetic makeup
genotype
41
DNA
nucleic acid
polymer of nucleotide subunits (A, T, G, C). stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. made of pentose sugar, base and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable
42
determines what cell type each cell will become
genes control differentiation of each cell
cell differentation
43
stage of interphase
cell's DNA is replicated
enzymes help DNA double helix unwind. exposed bases of DNA chain pair with new complementary bases with the help of DNA polymerase. 2 new strands of DNA (each with half from the original DNA and half newly synthesized)
S
44
transcription
after DNA replication, DNA sequences (of bases) being copied into RNA
45
vacuole
type of vesicle
storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds
46
an organism that is able to produce its own food
these use photosynthesis to live
autotroph
47
nucleotides
these make up nucleic acids
consist of pentose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base
48
some species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment because of mutations and combinations of alleles
adaptation
49
codons
sequences of 3 nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G) in genes.
there are 64 of these that matches a specific amino acid
there are 20 amino acids so some of these match the same amino acid
50
chromosomes
contain of subunits of genes (which contain DNA and the bluiprints for making an individual)
51
smooth ER
no ribosomes on the membrane so it is smooth. drugs and pesticides can be chemically modified here. glycogen is broken down and calcium is stored here and it is where lipids and steroids are synthesized
52
peroxisome
type of vesicle
gets rid of the body's toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide
53
type of vesicle
gets rid of the body's toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide
peroxisome
54
cels that form a new organism via sexual reproduction
gametes
55
stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism's characteristics
exists in different forms called alleles
contain info that specifies production of proteins
genes
56
stage of interphase
cell makes preparations for mitosis
includes protein synthesis and cell growth in preparation for cell division
G2
57
single celled organism that does not contain a nucleus
prokaryotes
58
interphase
the stages of cell replication that include G1 (gap) S (synthesis) and G2.
59
type of vesicle
storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds
vacuole
60
contain of subunits of genes (which contain DNA and the bluiprints for making an individual)
chromosomes
61
type of sugar
deoxyribose in DNA
ribose in RNA
pentose
62
mechanisms that inspect the DNA for damage (such as harmful chemicals or UV rays) and repairs it
excision repair
63
cell seperation; cell membrane and/or wall formation
cytokinesis
64
phase of cell cycle
consists of mitosis and cytokinesis
M phase
65
animal/plant in the early stages of development after fertilization
a zygote (fertilized egg) starts dividing and becomes a mass of cells
produces more specialized cell from a less specialized cell
occurs during all stages of development (including adults)
embryo
66
autotroph
an organism that is able to produce its own food
these use photosynthesis to live
67
germ cells
reproductive cells that produce sperm and ovum
68
type of base with double rings. adenine and guanine
purine
69
some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than other individuals
the characteristics that enable those individuals to survive and inherited and passed on to offspring
natural selection
70
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell. produces ATP
have cristae (series of folds) that contain enzymes
71
pyrimidine
type of base with single rings. cytosine, thymine and uracil
72
photosynthesis
process plants use to make energy
sunlightis trapped by chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose.
CO2, H20 and energy from sun are used to make ATP in the chloroplast
73
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
74
cells that divide and remain undifferentiated
types are totipotent, puripotent and multipotent
stem cells
75
DNA material distict from chromosomes
plasmid
76
G2
stage of interphase
cell makes preparations for mitosis
includes protein synthesis and cell growth in preparation for cell division
77
cellular respiration
process where heterotrophs use glucose to produce ATP
glucose is broken down by glycolysis (which transfers some of the energy to ATP), end products are sent to citric acid cycle to produce ATP.
glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
mitochondria carries out this process.
glucose and oxygen is used to produce CO2, H20 and energy
78
incomplete dominance
when the dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype (a mix of the 2 traits)
79
powerhouse of the cell. produces ATP
have cristae (series of folds) that contain enzymes
mitochondria
80
reproductive cells that produce sperm and ovum
germ cells
81
chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelope re-forms
telophase
82
homozygous
offspring that has the same allele from each parent for a trait
83
centrosomes
microtubules-organizing centers that help to form and organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
84
when the dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype (a mix of the 2 traits)
incomplete dominance
85
cell division for gemetes
results in extra genetic variability among offspring
meiosis
86
S
stage of interphase
cell's DNA is replicated
enzymes help DNA double helix unwind. exposed bases of DNA chain pair with new complementary bases with the help of DNA polymerase. 2 new strands of DNA (each with half from the original DNA and half newly synthesized)
87
phenotype
physical expression of genetic traits
ex. hair or eye color
caused by interaction of genotype and environment
88
purine
type of base with double rings. adenine and guanine
89
microtubules
cellular tracks that form mitotic spindle during mitosis (which helps organize and segregate chromosomes)
90
mutagen
a substance that induces mutations
91
stem cells
cells that divide and remain undifferentiated
types are totipotent, puripotent and multipotent
92
cells that contain a single set of chromosomes
in mammals, only gametes are these
some organisms have more of these
haploid cells
93
prophase
condensation of chromosomes; spindle assembly
94
physical expression of genetic traits
ex. hair or eye color
caused by interaction of genotype and environment
phenotype
95
changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions
permamnent changes in DNA sequences
mutations
96
cytokinesis
seperates 2 sets of chromosomes into different cells
last step of mitosis
97
nitrogenous base
molecule found in nucleic acids that encodes genetic info in cells
5 types: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil
98
embryo
animal/plant in the early stages of development after fertilization
a zygote (fertilized egg) starts dividing and becomes a mass of cells
produces more specialized cell from a less specialized cell
occurs during all stages of development (including adults)
99
polymers of nucleotides that store, transmit and express hereditary/genetic info. two types: DNA and RNA
nucleic acids
100
mitosis
the process of cell duplicatoin where 2 daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell
101
genes
stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism's characteristics
exists in different forms called alleles
contain info that specifies production of proteins
102
mutations
changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions
permamnent changes in DNA sequences
103
these make up nucleic acids
consist of pentose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base
nucleotides
104
telophase
chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelope re-forms
105
has ribosomes attached to it. all secreted proteins pass through this. new proteins enter the interior (called lumen) to be chemically modified and tagged for delivery. proteins are transported to other locations in the cell.
rough ER
106
nucleoid
the region of a prokaryotic cell that contains chromosome
it is not bound by a membrane
107
sequences of 3 nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G) in genes.
there are 64 of these that matches a specific amino acid
there are 20 amino acids so some of these match the same amino acid
codons
108
lysosome
type of vesicle
contains digestive enzymes that can dispose of cellular debris
109
chlorophyll
green pigment in plants that traps sunlight to be used for photosynthesis
110
gametes
cels that form a new organism via sexual reproduction
111
type of vesicle
contains digestive enzymes that can dispose of cellular debris
lysosome
112
cells that contain two sets of chromosomes. each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome(called a homologous chromosome).
in mammals, all cells but gametes are these
diploid cells
113
the stages of cell replication that include G1 (gap) S (synthesis) and G2.
interphase
114
organelles in plants that contain chlorophyll
chlorophyll captures sunlight to be used to produce glucose during photosynthesis
chloroplast
115
nucleic acid
temporary molecule that can be modified, has OH instead of H so it can be more reactive. single stranded. can fold according to base pairs. info from DNA is transmitted through these to specify amino acid sequences of protein
RNA
116
endoplasmic reticulum
a bunch of membranes that give it a large surface area. two types of it, rough (with ribosomes) and smooth
responsible for moving proteins from one part of a cell to another and for moving proteins out of the cel
117
a bunch of membranes that give it a large surface area. two types of it, rough (with ribosomes) and smooth
responsible for moving proteins from one part of a cell to another and for moving proteins out of the cel
endoplasmic reticulum
118
mechanism that scans over DNA to find any mismatched bases (after DNA replication)
if a mismatch occurs, the incorrect base is removed and replaced with a correct base to prevent mutation
mismatch repair
119
metaphase
alignment of chromosomes at equatorial plate
120
small body within nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm
nucleolus
121
anaphase
seperation of chromatids; migration to poles
122
genotype
an organism's underlying genetic makeup
123
translation
nucleotide sequence (of bases) in mRNA specify sequences of amino acids in proteins
protein production from m RNA
occurs at ribosome
124
molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together
phosphate group
125
M phase
phase of cell cycle
consists of mitosis and cytokinesis
126
meiosis
cell division for gemetes
results in extra genetic variability among offspring
127
seperation of chromatids; migration to poles
anaphase
128
nucleotide sequence (of bases) in mRNA specify sequences of amino acids in proteins
protein production from m RNA
translation
129
heterozygous
offspring that has different alleles for a particular trait
130
adaptation
some species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment because of mutations and combinations of alleles
131
diploid cells
cells that contain two sets of chromosomes. each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome(called a homologous chromosome).
in mammals, all cells but gametes are these
132
cytoplasm
rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency hat houses organelles
133
natural selection
some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than other individuals
the characteristics that enable those individuals to survive and inherited and passed on to offspring
134
plasmid
DNA material distict from chromosomes
135
nucleic acid
polymer of nucleotide subunits (A, T, G, C). stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. made of pentose sugar, base and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable
DNA
136
phosphate group
molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together
137
composed of flattened sacs (cisternae) and membrane enclosed vesicles. vesicles with protein are budded off the ER and are fused here. proteins are modified further (like adding carbs/sugars to them). like the post office. proteins are received, modified, sent off. three regions. cis, trans and medial
golgi apparatus
138
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
139
taxonomy
classification of organisms
hierarchy
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
140
cellular tracks that form mitotic spindle during mitosis (which helps organize and segregate chromosomes)
microtubules
141
green pigment in plants that traps sunlight to be used for photosynthesis
chlorophyll
142
alleles
different forms of genes
143
process where heterotrophs use glucose to produce ATP
glucose is broken down by glycolysis (which transfers some of the energy to ATP), end products are sent to citric acid cycle to produce ATP.
glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
mitochondria carries out this process.
glucose and oxygen is used to produce CO2, H20 and energy
cellular respiration
144
G1
stage of interphase
cell spends a long time carrying out its specialized functions
DNA double helix unwaids and exposes the bases
RNA bases pair with complementary partners on DNA to form mRNA. after DNA is copied the DNA double helix closes and mRNA exits the nucleus
145
genome
complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes
146
the process of cell duplicatoin where 2 daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell
mitosis
