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Earth & Physical Science Flashcards

1
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

energy is not lost but transferred back and forth between kinetic energy and potential energy

e.g. increase in KE will decrease PE

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2
Q

a molecule that possesses both positive and negative atomic structure

A

polar molecule

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3
Q

a molecule that possesses both positive and negative atomic structure

A

polar molecule

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4
Q

involves electron donation to produce a produce a more positive ion

A

oxidation

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5
Q

elements

A

susbstances that cannot be broken into simpler types of matter

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6
Q

alkene

A

an acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more C-C double bonds. always end in -ene. (general molecular formula of CnH2n with only one double bond)

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7
Q

chemical reactions in living organisms

A

metabolism

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8
Q

electron acceptance to produce a more negative ion

A

reduction

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9
Q

density

A

ratio of mass per volume of a substance

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10
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged subatomic particles found in various energy levels (orbital shells) around the nucles

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11
Q

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

these are abundant within living things, foods, fuels and plastics

A

hydrocarbons

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12
Q

metals

A

elements that donate highly conductive eletrons to the environment

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13
Q

a molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme

A

substrate

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14
Q

negatively charged subatomic particles found in various energy levels (orbital shells) around the nucles

A

electrons

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15
Q

where atoms are arranged in a highly ordered state

A

crystalline order

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16
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions in living organisms

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17
Q

electrons in the outter most shell

A

valence electrons

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18
Q

increase reaction rates by lowering activation energy

these are not consumed in a reaction

A

catalyst

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19
Q

substances that are consumed or altered in a chemical reaction

A

reactants

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20
Q

electronegativity

A

when 2 atoms form covalent bonds and the covalent bond sharing isnt equal. some atoms “hog” electrons more

attractions for electrons

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21
Q

7 visible forms of electromagnetic radiation from long to short wavelengths

A

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

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22
Q

ratio of mass per volume of a substance

A

density

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23
Q

metalloids

A

elements that may accept or donate electrons. possess a mixture of metallic and non metallix properties

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24
Q

positively charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom

of these distinguishes one atom from another

of these = atomic number

A

protons

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25
Q

when 2 atoms form covalent bonds and the covalent bond sharing isnt equal. some atoms “hog” electrons more

attractions for electrons

A

electronegativity

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26
Q

potential energy

A

the amount of stored energy

energy can be stored in a battery cell or gasoline or gravity can store energy when an object is at a certain height

doubling the height will double this

=mgh

m=mass, g=gravitational constant, h=height

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27
Q

atomic mass

A

the average mass of all known isotopes of an element

it usually represents the most common isotope

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28
Q

chemical reactions with a cell

A

metabolic pathways

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29
Q

pH

A

a measure of hydrogen ion concentation within a solution

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30
Q

saturated hydrocarbon with an acyclic carbon atom arrangement. the number of H present are always twice the number of C atoms plus 2 more. e.g. methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8). always end in -ane

they are saturated with H’s and have only single bonds

A

alkane

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31
Q

the results of any change in energy

quantified in units Joules and calories

A

work

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32
Q

the amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas

A

heat of vaporization

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33
Q

study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. compounds from living organisms

A

organic chemistry

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34
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. compounds from living organisms

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35
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule that possesses both positive and negative atomic structure

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36
Q

an alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid and gas

A

phase transition

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37
Q

the energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree C

A

specific heat

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38
Q

radio, microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray

A

electromagnetic spectrum divided into bands of wavelengths from long to short

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39
Q

atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

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40
Q

energy is not lost but transferred back and forth between kinetic energy and potential energy

e.g. increase in KE will decrease PE

A

Law of Conservation of Energy

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41
Q

neutrons

A

neutral subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom

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42
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons in the outter most shell

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43
Q

the energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree C

A

specific heat

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44
Q

orbital shells

A

the arrangement of electrons within orbits around the nucleus

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45
Q

the flow of energy due to a difference in temperature

A

heat

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46
Q

neutral subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom

A

neutrons

47
Q

electron acceptance to produce a more negative ion

A

reduction

48
Q

energy required to remove an electron from an atom in a neutral state

A

ionization energy

49
Q

ion

A

a positively or negatively charged atom

50
Q

used to qualitatively determine pH

do not give precise measurements, just approximations

ex. litmus paper (turns red for acidic solutions and blue for basic solutions)

A

pH indicator

51
Q

an alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid and gas

A

phase transition

52
Q

sharing electrons

A

covalent bond

53
Q

heat

A

the flow of energy due to a difference in temperature

54
Q

saturated hydrocarbon with an acyclic carbon atom arrangement. the number of H present are always twice the number of C atoms plus 2 more. e.g. methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8). always end in -ane

they are saturated with H’s and have only single bonds

A

alkane

55
Q

catalyst

A

increase reaction rates by lowering activation energy

these are not consumed in a reaction

56
Q

crystalline order

A

where atoms are arranged in a highly ordered state

57
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing electrons

58
Q

study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. compounds from living organisms

A

organic chemistry

59
Q

the amount of stored energy

energy can be stored in a battery cell or gasoline or gravity can store energy when an object is at a certain height

doubling the height will double this

=mgh

m=mass, g=gravitational constant, h=height

A

potential energy

60
Q

a measure of hydrogen ion concentation within a solution

A

pH

61
Q

a positively or negatively charged atom

A

ion

62
Q

alkane

A

saturated hydrocarbon with an acyclic carbon atom arrangement. the number of H present are always twice the number of C atoms plus 2 more. e.g. methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8). always end in -ane

they are saturated with H’s and have only single bonds

63
Q

elements that donate highly conductive eletrons to the environment

A

metals

64
Q

total number of protons and neutrons found within the nucles of the atom

electrons are not included because they contribute very little mass

A

mass number

65
Q

ratio of mass per volume of a substance

A

density

66
Q

energy from Sun reaches Earth in this form

waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields

e.g. gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, etc

A

electromagnetic waves

67
Q

ionization energy

A

energy required to remove an electron from an atom in a neutral state

68
Q

phase transition

A

an alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid and gas

69
Q

electromagnetic waves

A

energy from Sun reaches Earth in this form

waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields

e.g. gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, etc

70
Q

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

A

7 visible forms of electromagnetic radiation from long to short wavelengths

71
Q

latent heat

A

the amount of energy needed for a phase transition (between solid, liquid and gas)

72
Q

reduction

A

electron acceptance to produce a more negative ion

73
Q

kinetic energy

A

amount of energy associated with an object’s motion

energy of motion

=(1/2)mv2

v=velocity

74
Q

electromagnetic spectrum divided into bands of wavelengths from long to short

A

radio, microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray

75
Q

substrate

A

a molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme

76
Q

substances that are consumed or altered in a chemical reaction

A

reactants

77
Q

globular proteins

A

proteins that are water soluble

78
Q

light-years

A

the distance that light will travel within 1 year of time

79
Q

metabolic pathways

A

chemical reactions with a cell

80
Q

reactants

A

substances that are consumed or altered in a chemical reaction

81
Q

the average mass of all known isotopes of an element

it usually represents the most common isotope

A

atomic mass

82
Q

the arrangement of electrons within orbits around the nucleus

A

orbital shells

83
Q

isotopes

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

84
Q

oxidation

A

involves electron donation to produce a produce a more positive ion

85
Q

ionic bond

A

an atom gives an electron to another atom so they both become ions. they bond be cause the ions are attracted to each other

86
Q

the distance that light will travel within 1 year of time

A

light-years

87
Q

protons

A

positively charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom

of these distinguishes one atom from another

of these = atomic number

88
Q

pH indicator

A

used to qualitatively determine pH

do not give precise measurements, just approximations

ex. litmus paper (turns red for acidic solutions and blue for basic solutions)

89
Q

increase reaction rates by lowering activation energy

these are not consumed in a reaction

A

catalyst

90
Q

the amount of energy needed for a phase transition (between solid, liquid and gas)

A

latent heat

91
Q

specific heat

A

the energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree C

92
Q

acyclic hydrocarbon containing one or more C-C triple bonds

it has a linear (180 degrees) geometry, sp hybridized

nomenclature is same as alkene but with -yne ending

cis/trans are not possible. only constitutional isomers possible

A

alkynes

93
Q

chemical reactions in living organisms

A

metabolism

94
Q

proteins that are water soluble

A

globular proteins

95
Q

mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons found within the nucles of the atom

electrons are not included because they contribute very little mass

96
Q

amount of energy associated with an object’s motion

energy of motion

=(1/2)mv2

v=velocity

A

kinetic energy

97
Q

involves electron donation to produce a produce a more positive ion

A

oxidation

98
Q

a molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme

A

substrate

99
Q

elements that may accept or donate electrons. possess a mixture of metallic and non metallix properties

A

metalloids

100
Q

an acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more C-C double bonds. always end in -ene. (general molecular formula of CnH2n with only one double bond)

A

alkene

101
Q

an atom gives an electron to another atom so they both become ions. they bond be cause the ions are attracted to each other

A

ionic bond

102
Q

used to qualitatively determine pH

do not give precise measurements, just approximations

ex. litmus paper (turns red for acidic solutions and blue for basic solutions)

A

pH indicator

103
Q

susbstances that cannot be broken into simpler types of matter

A

elements

104
Q

hydrocarbons

A

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

these are abundant within living things, foods, fuels and plastics

105
Q

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

these are abundant within living things, foods, fuels and plastics

A

hydrocarbons

106
Q

proteins that are water soluble

A

globular proteins

107
Q

electrons in the outter most shell

A

valence electrons

108
Q

the amount of energy needed for a phase transition (between solid, liquid and gas)

A

latent heat

109
Q

elements that may accept or donate electrons. possess a mixture of metallic and non metallix properties

A

metalloids

110
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas

111
Q

energy required to remove an electron from an atom in a neutral state

A

ionization energy

112
Q

work

A

the results of any change in energy

quantified in units Joules and calories

113
Q

alkynes

A

acyclic hydrocarbon containing one or more C-C triple bonds

it has a linear (180 degrees) geometry, sp hybridized

nomenclature is same as alkene but with -yne ending

cis/trans are not possible. only constitutional isomers possible

114
Q

the amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas

A

heat of vaporization

Teas (7 decks)

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