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Human Body Science Flashcards

1
Q

connective tisse

A

tissue found throughout the body that connects different structures of the body

usually has its own blood supply

types: bone, cartilage, adipose (fat) and blood vessels

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2
Q

function of life

take in oxygen and expel CO2 via the respiratory system

A

oxygenation

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3
Q

smallest part of elements that retain original properties of the element. combine to form molecules

A

atoms

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4
Q

chemotaxis

A

method where leukocytes respond to damaged body tissues

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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A

tissue that provides covering (skin) and secretions (glandular tissue).

does not have blood supply so it relies on diffusion from nearby capillaries for food and oxygen.

can regenerate easily

vary in number of cell layers (simple and stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal and columnar)

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6
Q

specific molecules combine to form these

the basic unit of life

these combine to form tissues

A

cells

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7
Q

atoms

A

smallest part of elements that retain original properties of the element. combine to form molecules

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8
Q

away from the body surface, more internal

A

deep or internal

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9
Q

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

A

fertility rates

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10
Q

organ system that provides support and protection for the body/organs

consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints

storage for minerals like calcium and phosphorus

A

skeletal system

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11
Q

formed by combining atoms

chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristis independent of atoms

these combine to form cells

A

molecules

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12
Q

dorsal or posterior

A

towards the back, behind

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13
Q

endocrine system

A

organ system that controls body functions

glands secrete hormones that regulate growth and metabolism.

some glands are pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, theyroid, thymus and adrenal

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14
Q

the act of taking in oxygenated air

the diaphragm contracts

A

inspiration

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15
Q

organs

A

2 or more tissues working together to perform a function.

it is possible to perform very complex functions

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16
Q

rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus

move food along gastrointestinal tract as food is broken down during digestion

A

peristalsis

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17
Q

study of the structure of organs and body systems

A

anatomy

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18
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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19
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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20
Q

method where leukocytes respond to damaged body tissues

A

chemotaxis

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21
Q

the act of a person moving into a region/country to live in

A

immigration

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22
Q

capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body. these also serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid and nutritients within the body

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23
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

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24
Q

cut made along a longitudinal plan that divides the body into front and back regions

A

frontal section

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25
Q

glands and muscles

electrical impulses are carried from the CNS to these

A

effectors

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26
Q

respiratory system

A

organ system that keeps body’s cells supplied with oxygen and removes CO2.

consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

lungs have air sacs called alveoli that allow oxygen and CO2 to move in and out of the lungs

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27
Q

crude birth rate

A

number of births per 1000 people per year

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28
Q

ventral or anterior

A

towards the front

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29
Q

tissue types

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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30
Q

innate defenses

A

part of immune system

nonspecific type of defense

defends same way everytime regardless of number or type of pathogen

first line of defense (skin mucous membrane, digestive enzymes)

second line of defense (fever, inflamation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, etc)

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31
Q

villi

A

finger-like projections

increase surface area in the small intestine and helps absorb nutrients

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32
Q

organ system that contains organs involved in ingestion and breakdown of food

esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas

makes enzymes to breakd down food so nutrients are absorbed

A

digestive system

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33
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus

move food along gastrointestinal tract as food is broken down during digestion

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34
Q

towards the front

A

ventral or anterior

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35
Q

organism

A

highest level of organization in the body

this is the result of all organ systems working together

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36
Q

study of the function of organs and body systems

A

physiology

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37
Q

inferior or caudal

A

towards the lower part, below

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38
Q

body’s response to viral infection and prevent replication of virus after 7-10 days

these also activate macrophages and natural killer cells

A

interferons

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39
Q

tissue that provides covering (skin) and secretions (glandular tissue).

does not have blood supply so it relies on diffusion from nearby capillaries for food and oxygen.

can regenerate easily

vary in number of cell layers (simple and stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal and columnar)

A

epithelial tissue

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40
Q

natural killer cells

A

produce perforins, pore-forming proteins that target cancer and virus cells

perforins cause these cells to lyse/rupture

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41
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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42
Q

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

distal

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43
Q

organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves (CNS and PNS)

it is the body’s control system.

sensory receptors detect stimuli inside and outside the body

nerve impulses conduct along nerves which allow reflexice responses

A

nervous system

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44
Q

function of life

allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems

A

locomotion

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45
Q

superficial or external

A

towards or at the body surface

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46
Q

organ system consisting of testes, penis, ovaries, vagine and breasts.

men produce sperm and womenproduce eggs (ova)

also includes hormones that affect libido and aggression and influence development of mssculine or feminine body traits

A

reproductive system

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47
Q

oxygenation

A

function of life

take in oxygen and expel CO2 via the respiratory system

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48
Q

diapedesis

A

process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines

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49
Q

superior / cranial

A

towards the head end or upper

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50
Q

lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes

recognizes antigens

differentiates into helper, effector or regulatory cells

A

T cell

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51
Q

inspiration

A

the act of taking in oxygenated air

the diaphragm contracts

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52
Q

organ system consisting of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus and tonsils.

this supports the immune system by housing/transporting WBC’s to and from lymph nodes.

also returns fluids that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back to the BVs

A

lymphatic system

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53
Q

organ system that maintains water and electrolyte (Na, Cl, K) balance in the body, regulates acid-base balane of blood and removes nitrogen containing wastes.

A

urinary system

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54
Q

antibodies

A

produced for a specific antigen

produced when antigen binds to B cells

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55
Q

emigration

A

a person moving out of a region/country to live in another

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56
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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57
Q

organ system that controls body functions

glands secrete hormones that regulate growth and metabolism.

some glands are pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, theyroid, thymus and adrenal

A

endocrine system

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58
Q

highest level of organization in the body

this is the result of all organ systems working together

A

organism

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59
Q

function of life

remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system

A

elimination

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60
Q

tiny air sacs in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries

these permit exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur

A

alveoli

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61
Q

circulatory system / cardiovascular system

A

organ system with heart, blood vessels and blood.

supports circulation and distribution of substances throughout the body

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62
Q

frontal section

A

cut made along a longitudinal plan that divides the body into front and back regions

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63
Q

contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

A

dorsal body cavity

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64
Q

body facing forward, feet parallel to each other and arms at the sides with palms facing forward

A

anatomical position

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65
Q

nervous tissue

A

tissue that provides structure for the brain, spinal cord and nerves

nerves are made of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body

support cells (myelin) help protect nervous tissue

type: neurons

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66
Q

nervous system

A

organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves (CNS and PNS)

it is the body’s control system.

sensory receptors detect stimuli inside and outside the body

nerve impulses conduct along nerves which allow reflexice responses

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67
Q

tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body. these also serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid and nutritients within the body

A

capillaries

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68
Q

locomotion

A

function of life

allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems

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69
Q

anatomical position

A

body facing forward, feet parallel to each other and arms at the sides with palms facing forward

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70
Q

part of immune system

nonspecific type of defense

defends same way everytime regardless of number or type of pathogen

first line of defense (skin mucous membrane, digestive enzymes)

second line of defense (fever, inflamation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, etc)

A

innate defenses

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71
Q

abdominal muscle that contracts and pulls air into the lungs during inspiration (taking in oxygenated air)

A

diaphragm

72
Q

adaptive defenses

A

third line of defense, specific defenses

include humoral, antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses

73
Q

medial

A

towards the midline, the inner side

74
Q

dendrites

A

these are on nerve cells

receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to neurons for interpretation

75
Q

function of life

transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system

A

circulation

76
Q

sagittal section made down the median of the body

A

midsagittal section

77
Q

elimination

A

function of life

remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system

78
Q

deep or internal

A

away from the body surface, more internal

79
Q

function of life

hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system

A

regulation

80
Q

produce antibodies

A

B cells

81
Q

organ system with heart, blood vessels and blood.

supports circulation and distribution of substances throughout the body

A

circulatory system / cardiovascular system

82
Q

number of births per 1000 people per year

A

crude birth rate

83
Q

regulation

A

function of life

hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system

84
Q

pyloric sphinctor

A

releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

85
Q

cells

A

specific molecules combine to form these

the basic unit of life

these combine to form tissues

86
Q

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

teeth grind and chew food to increase the surface area for enzymes to act on

A

digestion

87
Q

cytokines

A

chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues

88
Q

tissue that provides structure for the brain, spinal cord and nerves

nerves are made of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body

support cells (myelin) help protect this

type: nerves

A

nervous tissue

89
Q

the act of forcing carbon dioxide out of the body

the diaphragm relaxes

A

expiration

90
Q

fertility rates

A

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

91
Q

reproductive system

A

organ system consisting of testes, penis, ovaries, vagine and breasts.

men produce sperm and womenproduce eggs (ova)

also includes hormones that affect libido and aggression and influence development of mssculine or feminine body traits

92
Q

towards the back, behind

A

dorsal or posterior

93
Q

organ system

A

organs working together to perform a task.

11 lf these in the human body

94
Q

interferons

A

body’s response to viral infection and prevent replication of virus after 7-10 days

these also activate macrophages and natural killer cells

95
Q

process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines

A

diapedesis

96
Q

immigration

A

the act of a person moving into a region/country to live in

97
Q

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

proximal

98
Q

anatomy

A

study of the structure of organs and body systems

99
Q

these are on nerve cells

receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to neurons for interpretation

A

dendrites

100
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

101
Q

cut made along longitudinalp lane dividing body into right and left parts

A

sagittal section

102
Q

produce perforins, pore-forming proteins that target cancer and virus cells

perforins cause these cells to lyse/rupture

A

natural killer cells

103
Q

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

A

tissue types

104
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

105
Q

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

A

intermediate

106
Q

a person moving out of a region/country to live in another

A

emigration

107
Q

expiration

A

the act of forcing carbon dioxide out of the body

the diaphragm relaxes

108
Q

organ system that keeps body’s cells supplied with oxygen and removes CO2.

consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

lungs have air sacs called alveoli that allow oxygen and CO2 to move in and out of the lungs

A

respiratory system

109
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries

110
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

111
Q

axon

A

part of nerve cells

connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap (synapse)

112
Q

tissues

A

cells combine to form these

2 or more of these work together at the organ level

113
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart

114
Q

contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen

diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to diaphragm)

below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

ventral body cavity

115
Q

controls voluntary actions

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerved and associated ganglia (nerve cell bodies)

A

sensory-somatic nervous system

116
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

117
Q

lymphatic system

A

organ system consisting of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus and tonsils.

this supports the immune system by housing/transporting WBC’s to and from lymph nodes.

also returns fluids that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back to the BVs

118
Q

releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

A

pyloric sphinctor

119
Q

chyme

A

mixture of food, chemicals and enzymes in the stomach

120
Q

function of life

production of offspring via the reproductive system

A

self-duplication

121
Q

specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages

A

neurons

122
Q

integumentary system

A

organ system the includes skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails

protects internal tissues and is a barrier to pathogens

123
Q

cells combine to form these

2 or more of these work together at the organ level

A

tissues

124
Q

nutrition

A

function of life

take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system

125
Q

tissue that produces movement

three types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

skeletal is connected to bones and supports voluntary movement

smooth is involuntary and in the walls of hollow organs

cardiac is involuntary and in the heart

A

muscle tissue

126
Q

T cell

A

lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes

recognizes antigens

differentiates into helper, effector or regulatory cells

127
Q

blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries

A

arteries

128
Q

produced for a specific antigen

produced when antigen binds to B cells

A

antibodies

129
Q

skeletal system

A

organ system that provides support and protection for the body/organs

consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints

storage for minerals like calcium and phosphorus

130
Q

autonomic nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

131
Q

function of life

receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system

A

adaptation

132
Q

number of deaths per 1000 people per year

A

crude death rate

133
Q

self-duplication

A

function of life

production of offspring via the reproductive system

134
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

135
Q

molecules

A

formed by combining atoms

chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristis independent of atoms

these combine to form cells

136
Q

digestion

A

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

teeth grind and chew food to increase the surface area for enzymes to act on

137
Q

physiology

A

study of the function of organs and body systems

138
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries

these permit exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur

139
Q

midsagittal section

A

sagittal section made down the median of the body

140
Q

ventral body cavity

A

contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen

diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to diaphragm)

below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities

141
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline, on the outer side

142
Q

blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart

A

veins

143
Q

cut made along the horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions

A

transverse section

144
Q

organ system the includes skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails

protects internal tissues and is a barrier to pathogens

A

integumentary system

145
Q

chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues

A

cytokines

146
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system

147
Q

away from the midline, on the outer side

A

lateral

148
Q

effectors

A

glands and muscles

electrical impulses are carried from the CNS to these

149
Q

finger-like projections

increase surface area in the small intestine and helps absorb nutrients

A

villi

150
Q

function of life

take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system

A

nutrition

151
Q

mixture of food, chemicals and enzymes in the stomach

A

chyme

152
Q

diaphragm

A

abdominal muscle that contracts and pulls air into the lungs during inspiration (taking in oxygenated air)

153
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls automatic body functions (heartbeat and digestion)

includes sympathetic nerves (excited or scared) and parasympathetic nerves (eating or at rest)

154
Q

first section of the small intestine

releases two hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin

A

duodenum

155
Q

towards the lower part, below

A

inferior or caudal

156
Q

duodenum

A

first section of the small intestine

releases two hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin

157
Q

urinary system

A

organ system that maintains water and electrolyte (Na, Cl, K) balance in the body, regulates acid-base balane of blood and removes nitrogen containing wastes.

158
Q

neurons

A

specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages

159
Q

towards the head end or upper

A

superior / cranial

160
Q

sensory-somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary actions

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerved and associated ganglia (nerve cell bodies)

161
Q

muscle tissue

A

tissue that produces movement

three types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

skeletal is connected to bones and supports voluntary movement

smooth is involuntary and in the walls of hollow organs

cardiac is involuntary and in the heart

162
Q

organ system that consists of skeletal muscles, tendons (connect muscles to bones) and ligaments (attach bones ogeter to form joints).

A

muscular system

163
Q

towards or at the body surface

A

superficial or external

164
Q

tissue found throughout the body that connects different structures of the body

usually has its own blood supply

types: bone, cartilage, adipose (fat) and blood vessels

A

connective tisse

165
Q

organs working together to perform a task.

11 lf these in the human body

A

organ system

166
Q

transverse section

A

cut made along the horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions

167
Q

digestive system

A

organ system that contains organs involved in ingestion and breakdown of food

esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas

makes enzymes to breakd down food so nutrients are absorbed

168
Q

circulation

A

function of life

transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system

169
Q

controls automatic body functions (heartbeat and digestion)

includes sympathetic nerves (excited or scared) and parasympathetic nerves (eating or at rest)

A

autonomic nervous system

170
Q

towards the midline, the inner side

A

medial

171
Q

muscular system

A

organ system that consists of skeletal muscles, tendons (connect muscles to bones) and ligaments (attach bones ogeter to form joints).

172
Q

adaptation

A

function of life

receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system

173
Q

sagittal section

A

cut made along longitudinalp lane dividing body into right and left parts

174
Q

2 or more tissues working together to perform a function.

it is possible to perform very complex functions

A

organs

175
Q

part of nerve cells

connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap (synapse)

A

axon

176
Q

third line of defense, specific defenses

include humoral, antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses

A

adaptive defenses

Teas (7 decks)

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