Human Body Science Flashcards
connective tisse
tissue found throughout the body that connects different structures of the body
usually has its own blood supply
types: bone, cartilage, adipose (fat) and blood vessels
function of life
take in oxygen and expel CO2 via the respiratory system
oxygenation
smallest part of elements that retain original properties of the element. combine to form molecules
atoms
chemotaxis
method where leukocytes respond to damaged body tissues
epithelial tissue
tissue that provides covering (skin) and secretions (glandular tissue).
does not have blood supply so it relies on diffusion from nearby capillaries for food and oxygen.
can regenerate easily
vary in number of cell layers (simple and stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal and columnar)
specific molecules combine to form these
the basic unit of life
these combine to form tissues
cells
atoms
smallest part of elements that retain original properties of the element. combine to form molecules
away from the body surface, more internal
deep or internal
the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years
fertility rates
organ system that provides support and protection for the body/organs
consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints
storage for minerals like calcium and phosphorus
skeletal system
formed by combining atoms
chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristis independent of atoms
these combine to form cells
molecules
dorsal or posterior
towards the back, behind
endocrine system
organ system that controls body functions
glands secrete hormones that regulate growth and metabolism.
some glands are pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, theyroid, thymus and adrenal
the act of taking in oxygenated air
the diaphragm contracts
inspiration
organs
2 or more tissues working together to perform a function.
it is possible to perform very complex functions
rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus
move food along gastrointestinal tract as food is broken down during digestion
peristalsis
study of the structure of organs and body systems
anatomy
crude death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
method where leukocytes respond to damaged body tissues
chemotaxis
the act of a person moving into a region/country to live in
immigration
capillaries
tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body. these also serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid and nutritients within the body
dorsal body cavity
contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
cut made along a longitudinal plan that divides the body into front and back regions
frontal section
glands and muscles
electrical impulses are carried from the CNS to these
effectors
respiratory system
organ system that keeps body’s cells supplied with oxygen and removes CO2.
consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
lungs have air sacs called alveoli that allow oxygen and CO2 to move in and out of the lungs
crude birth rate
number of births per 1000 people per year
ventral or anterior
towards the front
tissue types
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
innate defenses
part of immune system
nonspecific type of defense
defends same way everytime regardless of number or type of pathogen
first line of defense (skin mucous membrane, digestive enzymes)
second line of defense (fever, inflamation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, etc)
villi
finger-like projections
increase surface area in the small intestine and helps absorb nutrients
organ system that contains organs involved in ingestion and breakdown of food
esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas
makes enzymes to breakd down food so nutrients are absorbed
digestive system
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus
move food along gastrointestinal tract as food is broken down during digestion
towards the front
ventral or anterior
organism
highest level of organization in the body
this is the result of all organ systems working together
study of the function of organs and body systems
physiology
inferior or caudal
towards the lower part, below
body’s response to viral infection and prevent replication of virus after 7-10 days
these also activate macrophages and natural killer cells
interferons
tissue that provides covering (skin) and secretions (glandular tissue).
does not have blood supply so it relies on diffusion from nearby capillaries for food and oxygen.
can regenerate easily
vary in number of cell layers (simple and stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal and columnar)
epithelial tissue
natural killer cells
produce perforins, pore-forming proteins that target cancer and virus cells
perforins cause these cells to lyse/rupture
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves (CNS and PNS)
it is the body’s control system.
sensory receptors detect stimuli inside and outside the body
nerve impulses conduct along nerves which allow reflexice responses
nervous system
function of life
allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems
locomotion
superficial or external
towards or at the body surface
organ system consisting of testes, penis, ovaries, vagine and breasts.
men produce sperm and womenproduce eggs (ova)
also includes hormones that affect libido and aggression and influence development of mssculine or feminine body traits
reproductive system
oxygenation
function of life
take in oxygen and expel CO2 via the respiratory system
diapedesis
process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines
superior / cranial
towards the head end or upper
lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes
recognizes antigens
differentiates into helper, effector or regulatory cells
T cell
inspiration
the act of taking in oxygenated air
the diaphragm contracts
organ system consisting of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus and tonsils.
this supports the immune system by housing/transporting WBC’s to and from lymph nodes.
also returns fluids that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back to the BVs
lymphatic system
organ system that maintains water and electrolyte (Na, Cl, K) balance in the body, regulates acid-base balane of blood and removes nitrogen containing wastes.
urinary system
antibodies
produced for a specific antigen
produced when antigen binds to B cells
emigration
a person moving out of a region/country to live in another
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
organ system that controls body functions
glands secrete hormones that regulate growth and metabolism.
some glands are pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, theyroid, thymus and adrenal
endocrine system
highest level of organization in the body
this is the result of all organ systems working together
organism
function of life
remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
elimination
tiny air sacs in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries
these permit exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur
alveoli
circulatory system / cardiovascular system
organ system with heart, blood vessels and blood.
supports circulation and distribution of substances throughout the body
frontal section
cut made along a longitudinal plan that divides the body into front and back regions
contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
dorsal body cavity
body facing forward, feet parallel to each other and arms at the sides with palms facing forward
anatomical position
nervous tissue
tissue that provides structure for the brain, spinal cord and nerves
nerves are made of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
support cells (myelin) help protect nervous tissue
type: neurons
nervous system
organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves (CNS and PNS)
it is the body’s control system.
sensory receptors detect stimuli inside and outside the body
nerve impulses conduct along nerves which allow reflexice responses
tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body. these also serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid and nutritients within the body
capillaries
locomotion
function of life
allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems
anatomical position
body facing forward, feet parallel to each other and arms at the sides with palms facing forward
part of immune system
nonspecific type of defense
defends same way everytime regardless of number or type of pathogen
first line of defense (skin mucous membrane, digestive enzymes)
second line of defense (fever, inflamation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, etc)
innate defenses
abdominal muscle that contracts and pulls air into the lungs during inspiration (taking in oxygenated air)
diaphragm
adaptive defenses
third line of defense, specific defenses
include humoral, antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses
medial
towards the midline, the inner side
dendrites
these are on nerve cells
receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to neurons for interpretation
function of life
transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system
circulation
sagittal section made down the median of the body
midsagittal section
elimination
function of life
remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
deep or internal
away from the body surface, more internal
function of life
hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
regulation
produce antibodies
B cells
organ system with heart, blood vessels and blood.
supports circulation and distribution of substances throughout the body
circulatory system / cardiovascular system
number of births per 1000 people per year
crude birth rate
regulation
function of life
hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
pyloric sphinctor
releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine
cells
specific molecules combine to form these
the basic unit of life
these combine to form tissues
the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
teeth grind and chew food to increase the surface area for enzymes to act on
digestion
cytokines
chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues
tissue that provides structure for the brain, spinal cord and nerves
nerves are made of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
support cells (myelin) help protect this
type: nerves
nervous tissue
the act of forcing carbon dioxide out of the body
the diaphragm relaxes
expiration
fertility rates
the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years
reproductive system
organ system consisting of testes, penis, ovaries, vagine and breasts.
men produce sperm and womenproduce eggs (ova)
also includes hormones that affect libido and aggression and influence development of mssculine or feminine body traits
towards the back, behind
dorsal or posterior
organ system
organs working together to perform a task.
11 lf these in the human body
interferons
body’s response to viral infection and prevent replication of virus after 7-10 days
these also activate macrophages and natural killer cells
process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines
diapedesis
immigration
the act of a person moving into a region/country to live in
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
proximal
anatomy
study of the structure of organs and body systems
these are on nerve cells
receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to neurons for interpretation
dendrites
white blood cells
leukocytes
cut made along longitudinalp lane dividing body into right and left parts
sagittal section
produce perforins, pore-forming proteins that target cancer and virus cells
perforins cause these cells to lyse/rupture
natural killer cells
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
tissue types
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
intermediate
a person moving out of a region/country to live in another
emigration
expiration
the act of forcing carbon dioxide out of the body
the diaphragm relaxes
organ system that keeps body’s cells supplied with oxygen and removes CO2.
consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
lungs have air sacs called alveoli that allow oxygen and CO2 to move in and out of the lungs
respiratory system
arteries
blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
axon
part of nerve cells
connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap (synapse)
tissues
cells combine to form these
2 or more of these work together at the organ level
veins
blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart
contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen
diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to diaphragm)
below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities
ventral body cavity
controls voluntary actions
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerved and associated ganglia (nerve cell bodies)
sensory-somatic nervous system
B cells
produce antibodies
lymphatic system
organ system consisting of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus and tonsils.
this supports the immune system by housing/transporting WBC’s to and from lymph nodes.
also returns fluids that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back to the BVs
releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine
pyloric sphinctor
chyme
mixture of food, chemicals and enzymes in the stomach
function of life
production of offspring via the reproductive system
self-duplication
specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages
neurons
integumentary system
organ system the includes skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails
protects internal tissues and is a barrier to pathogens
cells combine to form these
2 or more of these work together at the organ level
tissues
nutrition
function of life
take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
tissue that produces movement
three types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
skeletal is connected to bones and supports voluntary movement
smooth is involuntary and in the walls of hollow organs
cardiac is involuntary and in the heart
muscle tissue
T cell
lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes
recognizes antigens
differentiates into helper, effector or regulatory cells
blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
arteries
produced for a specific antigen
produced when antigen binds to B cells
antibodies
skeletal system
organ system that provides support and protection for the body/organs
consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints
storage for minerals like calcium and phosphorus
autonomic nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
function of life
receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
adaptation
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
crude death rate
self-duplication
function of life
production of offspring via the reproductive system
leukocytes
white blood cells
molecules
formed by combining atoms
chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristis independent of atoms
these combine to form cells
digestion
the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
teeth grind and chew food to increase the surface area for enzymes to act on
physiology
study of the function of organs and body systems
alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries
these permit exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur
midsagittal section
sagittal section made down the median of the body
ventral body cavity
contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen
diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to diaphragm)
below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities
lateral
away from the midline, on the outer side
blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart
veins
cut made along the horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
transverse section
organ system the includes skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails
protects internal tissues and is a barrier to pathogens
integumentary system
chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues
cytokines
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system
away from the midline, on the outer side
lateral
effectors
glands and muscles
electrical impulses are carried from the CNS to these
finger-like projections
increase surface area in the small intestine and helps absorb nutrients
villi
function of life
take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
nutrition
mixture of food, chemicals and enzymes in the stomach
chyme
diaphragm
abdominal muscle that contracts and pulls air into the lungs during inspiration (taking in oxygenated air)
autonomic nervous system
controls automatic body functions (heartbeat and digestion)
includes sympathetic nerves (excited or scared) and parasympathetic nerves (eating or at rest)
first section of the small intestine
releases two hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin
duodenum
towards the lower part, below
inferior or caudal
duodenum
first section of the small intestine
releases two hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin
urinary system
organ system that maintains water and electrolyte (Na, Cl, K) balance in the body, regulates acid-base balane of blood and removes nitrogen containing wastes.
neurons
specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages
towards the head end or upper
superior / cranial
sensory-somatic nervous system
controls voluntary actions
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerved and associated ganglia (nerve cell bodies)
muscle tissue
tissue that produces movement
three types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
skeletal is connected to bones and supports voluntary movement
smooth is involuntary and in the walls of hollow organs
cardiac is involuntary and in the heart
organ system that consists of skeletal muscles, tendons (connect muscles to bones) and ligaments (attach bones ogeter to form joints).
muscular system
towards or at the body surface
superficial or external
tissue found throughout the body that connects different structures of the body
usually has its own blood supply
types: bone, cartilage, adipose (fat) and blood vessels
connective tisse
organs working together to perform a task.
11 lf these in the human body
organ system
transverse section
cut made along the horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
digestive system
organ system that contains organs involved in ingestion and breakdown of food
esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas
makes enzymes to breakd down food so nutrients are absorbed
circulation
function of life
transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system
controls automatic body functions (heartbeat and digestion)
includes sympathetic nerves (excited or scared) and parasympathetic nerves (eating or at rest)
autonomic nervous system
towards the midline, the inner side
medial
muscular system
organ system that consists of skeletal muscles, tendons (connect muscles to bones) and ligaments (attach bones ogeter to form joints).
adaptation
function of life
receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
sagittal section
cut made along longitudinalp lane dividing body into right and left parts
2 or more tissues working together to perform a function.
it is possible to perform very complex functions
organs
part of nerve cells
connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap (synapse)
axon
third line of defense, specific defenses
include humoral, antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses
adaptive defenses
