Life Science Flashcards
Eukaryotic cells
This means that cells are surrounded by a membrane as are the organelles inside the cells.
Example:
The cells in the human body are eukaryotic cells.
What is the biological classification system based on?
The system is based on common descent, specifically: DNA seqeuence similarities as opposed to physical similarities.
What are the 8 levels of the taxonomy hierarchy?
"Dead Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools" Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Domain
Archea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
Kingdom
Eukarya Domain: Eubacteria Domain:
Animalia, Fungi, Eubacteria
Plantae, Protista
Archea Domain:
ArcheabacteriaHow do you classify individual species?
What is the binomial nomenclature?
The Latin name of the genus and species is written: • Italicized • Genus is capitalized • Space in between genus and species • Species is NOT capitalized
Natural Selection
Natural selection occurs when some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their enviornment and reproduce better than others.
What is natural selection AKA?
Survival of the fittest
Genes
A gene is a heritable string of nucleotides that can be transcribed, creating a molecule with biological activity or a polypeptide (protein).
Allele
Alleles are matched genes (from each parent) on the same chromosome which determine traits of an individual.
Explain adaptation in terms of Alleles
Through mutations and combinations of alleles, some individuals of a species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment in which they live which is what adaptation is.
What type of cells are the bacteria; eubacteria and archeabacteria?
Prokaryotic cells
Plasmids (Prokaryotic)
These are small, circular portions of the DNA not associated with the nucleus. However, contain a small number of genes. Plasmids are found in cytoplasm.
What do bacteria have that allow communication and transfer or information between two cells?
Pilli
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic are much more complex compared to prokaryotic cells and are much larger.
Golgi Apparatus (Eukaryotic)
The golgi apparatus is an organelle that packages and transports proteins for the cell which includes secretion of the protein. It works with the ER after ribosomes have been formed.
What are the three common type of vesicles? (Eukaryotic)
Vacuoles which are basic storage units for the cell that can hold a variety of compounds. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that dispose of cellular debris and finally Peroxisomes function to rid the body of toxic components such as hydrogen peroxide; they are also major sites of oxygen use and energy production.
(The liver contains many peroxisomes)
What is the function of the nucleolus within the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell?
The nucleolus produces ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm in order to synthesize proteins.
What is the major difference between eukaryotic cells and plant cells?
Plant cells contain chloroplast. The chloroplast contain clorophyll which is necessary for the capture of sunlight to produce glucose through the process of photosynthesis. Plant cells also have much larger vacuoles to maintain proper cell pressure. Finally, have solid impermeable cell wall.
What is the most basic cell type?
Prokaryotic
What do bacteria have in addition to pilli?
Bacterial flagellum which allows for cellular movement.
What is significant about eukaryotic cells compared to plant cells?
Eukaryotic cells do NOT have a cell wall. Prokaryotic cells in addition to plant cells do have a cell wall.
What is significant about the DNA location for prokaryotic cells?
The prokaryotic (bacteria) cell does NOT have a nucleus, therefore the DNA is located in the cytoplasm in large-massed “nucleoids”
How are prokaryotic cells immune?
Prokaryotic cells are structurally different than eukaryotic cells allowing for different ways of immunity. Because the DNA of the cell is floating in cytoplasm they have plasmids instead. These plasmids are made up of resistance genes. Because of these genes they are immune. Additionally, the prokaryotic cell is capable of something the eukaryotic cell is imcapable of: they can exchange genetic material by the touching of plasmids which allows for rapid reproduction and stronger resistance.
How are eukaryotic cells immune?
Because the DNA of eukaryotes are closed off, they respond to disease through things called antibodies.
