Earth Science & Chemistry

Question 1

How many codons can there be?

Answer 1

64

Question 2

Each codon matches to a specific _______________.

Answer 2

Amino acid

Question 3

Germ Cells

Answer 3

Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum

Question 4

How do mutations pass on to future generations?

Answer 4

Only if the mutation is present in the germ cells of the individual.

Question 5

Phenotypes

Answer 5

Phenotypes are the physical expressions of genetic traits. Example: Brown hair or blue eyes.

Question 6

Genotypes

Answer 6

Genotype is an organisms underlying genetic makeup or code. It is the DNA within the genes codes for proteins that determine hereditary traits that will be passed on between generations.

Question 7

Interactions between the genotype and the environment affect the ____________ of the organism.

Answer 7

Interactions between the genotype and the environment affect the phenotype of the organism.

Question 8

Gregor Mendel & His Pea Plant’s gave us what?

Answer 8

The discovery of dominant alleles and recessive alleles. Dominant = capitol letters / Recessive = lower case letters

Question 9

Homozygous

Answer 9

When both parents give the offspring the same allele, the offspring is homozygous for that particular trait.

Question 10

Heterozygous

Answer 10

If each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait, the offspring is heterozygous for that trait.

Question 11

The wavelength spectrum based from short to long:

Answer 11

Gamma -> X-ray -> Ultraviolet -> Visible light -> Infrared -> Microwave è Radio waves

Question 12

How does the Visible Light of the spectrum further subdivide?

Answer 12

It further divides by color bands from *long to short*

Red >> Orange >> Yellow >> Green >> Blue >> Indigo >> Violet

Question 13

Info about the Sun

Answer 13

• The Sun is light minutes away which is why it provides so much more light than the stars that are light years away
• The energy from the Sun supports almost all life on Earth by the process of photosynthesis – converts carbon dioxide + water into glucose and oxygen.
• Organic compounds (rich in Carbon) acts as major source of biomass on Earth

Question 14

Work

Answer 14

The result of any change in energy is measured in Joules (J) or calories.

Question 15

Kinetic Energy (KE)

Answer 15

Energy of motion.

Any increase in object’s velocity = increased KE.

KE can be calculated by:

KE=½mv2

m – mass of object v- velocity of object

Remember: velocity is meters per second (m/s)

Question 16

Potential Energy

Answer 16

The amount of stored energy. Furthermore, any doubling of height, will also double PE.

PE can be calculated by:

PE = mgh

m- mass of object g- standard gravity h- height at which object is located

Question 17

Law of Conservation of Energy

Answer 17

This law says that energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between KE and PE.

Given a fixed amount of total energy in a system, an increase in KE will result in a decrease of PE.

Vice Versa^

But total amount of energy will remain the same.

Question 18

What is an ion?

Answer 18

An ion is a charged atom or molecule. An ion is either a cation or an anion.

Cation = positively charged (+)

Anion = negatively charged (-)

Question 19

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 19

• Formed when atoms transfer one or more electrons from one atom to another.
• One atom becomes a cation by giving up an electron and the other atom becomes an anion by gaining an electron.
• Cations & anions both have full valence shells.
• Opposite charges of a cation & an anion are then attracted to each other forming ionic bonds.

Question 20

Covalent bonds

Answer 20

• Formed when atoms share electrons
• All atoms have full valence shells

Question 21

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Answer 21

Electrons are shared equally between all atoms in the molecule

Example: CO2

Question 22

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 22

• Electrons are shared unequally between atoms of a molecule

Example:

H2O

• One atom has a stronger pull on the electron, but not strong enough to take the electron away from the other atom
• Molecule has a slightly negative pole (near atom with stronger pull) & a slightly positive pole (near atom with weaker pull)

Question 23

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 23

• Attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen pole of a polar covalent molecule and the slightly negative pole of another polar covalent molecule

Example:

>> H2O; between multiple water molecules

>> Proteins & DNA; intramolecular bonds that bond different parts of large molecules giving it a specific three-dimensional shape

Question 24

Exergonic Reactions

Answer 24

• Release energy
• Chemical reactions that break bonds

Question 25

Endergonic Reactions

Answer 25

• Absorb energy
• Chemical reactions that require an input of energy in order to form a bond

Question 26

Electronegativity

Answer 26

The power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself

Question 27

What is the trend of electronegativity on the periodic table?

Answer 27

Electronegativity increases from left to right and bottom to up.

Question 28

What is the pH of a basic solution?

What is the pH of an acidic solution?

Answer 28

Base: 7 - 14 & Acid: 1 - 7

Question 29

Define acid

Answer 29

When dissolved in water, dissociates & releases free hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 30

Define base

Answer 30

Removes hydrogen ions from a solution

NH3 (ammonia) + H+ (hydrogen ion) “ NH4+ (ammonium ion)

OR

When dissolved in water, dissociates & releases hydroxyl ions. (Hydroxyl ion then forms a bond with a free hydrogen ion to form water, removing hydrogen ions from the solution)

Question 31

What color does litmus paper turn to indicate an acidic solution?

Answer 31

Red

Question 32

What color does litmus paper turn to indicate a basic solution?

Answer 32

Blue