Earth Science & Chemistry Flashcards
How many codons can there be?
64
Each codon matches to a specific _______________.
Amino acid
Germ Cells
Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
How do mutations pass on to future generations?
Only if the mutation is present in the germ cells of the individual.
Phenotypes
Phenotypes are the physical expressions of genetic traits. Example: Brown hair or blue eyes.
Genotypes
Genotype is an organisms underlying genetic makeup or code. It is the DNA within the genes codes for proteins that determine hereditary traits that will be passed on between generations.
Interactions between the genotype and the environment affect the ____________ of the organism.
Interactions between the genotype and the environment affect the phenotype of the organism.
Gregor Mendel & His Pea Plant’s gave us what?
The discovery of dominant alleles and recessive alleles. Dominant = capitol letters / Recessive = lower case letters
Homozygous
When both parents give the offspring the same allele, the offspring is homozygous for that particular trait.
Heterozygous
If each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait, the offspring is heterozygous for that trait.
The wavelength spectrum based from short to long:
Gamma -> X-ray -> Ultraviolet -> Visible light -> Infrared -> Microwave è Radio waves
How does the Visible Light of the spectrum further subdivide?
It further divides by color bands from *long to short*
Red >> Orange >> Yellow >> Green >> Blue >> Indigo >> Violet
Info about the Sun
- The Sun is light minutes away which is why it provides so much more light than the stars that are light years away
- The energy from the Sun supports almost all life on Earth by the process of photosynthesis – converts carbon dioxide + water into glucose and oxygen.
- Organic compounds (rich in Carbon) acts as major source of biomass on Earth
Work
The result of any change in energy is measured in Joules (J) or calories.
Kinetic Energy (KE)
Energy of motion.
Any increase in object’s velocity = increased KE.
KE can be calculated by:
KE=½mv2
m – mass of object v- velocity of object
Remember: velocity is meters per second (m/s)
Potential Energy
The amount of stored energy. Furthermore, any doubling of height, will also double PE.
PE can be calculated by:
PE = mgh
m- mass of object g- standard gravity h- height at which object is located
Law of Conservation of Energy
This law says that energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between KE and PE.
Given a fixed amount of total energy in a system, an increase in KE will result in a decrease of PE.
Vice Versa^
But total amount of energy will remain the same.
What is an ion?
An ion is a charged atom or molecule. An ion is either a cation or an anion.
Cation = positively charged (+)
Anion = negatively charged (-)
What is an ionic bond?
- Formed when atoms transfer one or more electrons from one atom to another.
- One atom becomes a cation by giving up an electron and the other atom becomes an anion by gaining an electron.
- Cations & anions both have full valence shells.
- Opposite charges of a cation & an anion are then attracted to each other forming ionic bonds.
Covalent bonds
- Formed when atoms share electrons
- All atoms have full valence shells
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Electrons are shared equally between all atoms in the molecule
Example: CO2
Polar Covalent Bond
• Electrons are shared unequally between atoms of a molecule
Example:
H2O
- One atom has a stronger pull on the electron, but not strong enough to take the electron away from the other atom
- Molecule has a slightly negative pole (near atom with stronger pull) & a slightly positive pole (near atom with weaker pull)
Hydrogen Bonds
• Attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen pole of a polar covalent molecule and the slightly negative pole of another polar covalent molecule
Example:
>> H2O; between multiple water molecules
>> Proteins & DNA; intramolecular bonds that bond different parts of large molecules giving it a specific three-dimensional shape
Exergonic Reactions
- Release energy
- Chemical reactions that break bonds
Endergonic Reactions
- Absorb energy
- Chemical reactions that require an input of energy in order to form a bond
Electronegativity
The power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself
What is the trend of electronegativity on the periodic table?
Electronegativity increases from left to right and bottom to up.
What is the pH of a basic solution?
What is the pH of an acidic solution?
Base: 7 - 14 & Acid: 1 - 7
Define acid
When dissolved in water, dissociates & releases free hydrogen ions (H+)
Define base
Removes hydrogen ions from a solution
NH3 (ammonia) + H+ (hydrogen ion) “ NH4+ (ammonium ion)
OR
When dissolved in water, dissociates & releases hydroxyl ions. (Hydroxyl ion then forms a bond with a free hydrogen ion to form water, removing hydrogen ions from the solution)
What color does litmus paper turn to indicate an acidic solution?
Red
What color does litmus paper turn to indicate a basic solution?
Blue
