Human Body Science Flashcards
1
Q
Human body science can be divided into what 2 subjects?
A
Anatomy = the study of structure of organs and organ systems Physiology = the study of function of the organs and organ systems
2
Q
The Hierarchy of Anatomy
A
- Atom
- Molecule
- Organelles: made up of molecules
- Cells: made up of organelles
- Tissue: made up of many cells with the same function
- Organ: made up of multiple types of tissue
- Organ System: when organs work together to perform a task
- Organism: the result of all organs working together
3
Q
What are the four basic tissue types in humans?
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
4
Q
How many Organ Systems are in the human body?
A
11
5
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
•Functions: Provides protection by covering and secretes substances.
•Characteristics:
➢Does NOT have it’s own blood supply
➢Dependent on diffusion of nearby capillaries for food and oxygen
➢Regenerates
•Classification:
Based on cell shape and number of layers
Cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
Number of layers: simple (absorption, filtration, diffusion) & stratified (for areas subject to abrasion)
6
Q
Connective Tissue
A
- Connective tissue is found throughout the body; it serves to connect different structures of the body.
- Commonly has it’s own blood supply
7
Q
What are the four types of connective tissue?
A
- Bone - Cartilage - Adipose - Blood vessels
8
Q
What is the exception of connective tissue that does NOT receive blood supply?
A
Ligaments
9
Q
What is the function of muscle tissue?
A
Produce movement and generate heat.
10
Q
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
A
- Skeletal - Smooth - Cardiac
11
Q
Describe skeletal muscle tissue.
A
Voluntary; because it’s attached to bones.
12
Q
Describe smooth muscle tissue.
A
Involuntary; found in the walls of hollow organs, intestine, blood vessels, uterus, bladder etc.
13
Q
Describe cardiac muscle tissue.
A
Involuntary; only found in the walls of the heart.
14
Q
The Circulatory System is AKA
A
Cardiovascular System
15
Q
What organs make up the Cardiovascular System?
A
It is made up of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and arterioles) and blood.
16
Q
What is the function of the Cardiovascular System?
A
• It supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body: oxygen, hormones, and nutrients from food are some of these substances.
17
Q
How do other organ systems influence the Cardiovascular System?
A
- Hormones released from the endocrine system influence blood pressure.
- The urinary system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume.
- Estrogen helps vascular health (women) • The integumentary system allows heat to escape by dilating BV’s
18
Q
What organs make up the digestive system?
A
- The digestive system consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus that ingest and digest food.
- The organs along path include: esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, and anus.
19
Q
What is the function of the digestive system?
A
The digestive system manufactures enzymes that breakdown the food to release nutrients into bloodstream ⇒ Anything that is not digested is expelled through the anus ⇒ The absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine which consists of the
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ⇒ The colon removes water from the waste that remains.
• The liver produces bile that helps break down fats, and the pancreas delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion.
20
Q
Where are fats, proteins, and carbohydrates broken down?
A
Fats are broken down by bile (produced by liver delivered through pancreas) in the stomach
Carbohydrates are broken down by salivary amylase in the mouth
Protein is broken down by pepsin in the small intestine
21
Q
What other organ systems are related with the digestive system and how?
A
Increased skeletal muscle activity increases the motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
22
Q
How does the Endocrine System work?
A
The endocrine system serves to control body functions through glands that secrete hormones through the blood to reach organs throughout the body.
23
Q
What are the glands that make up the endocrine system?
A
- Glands such as the pineal, pituitary, thalamus, and hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal: regulate processes such as growth and metabolism.
- The pancreas, testis, and ovaries also hace endocrine functions, even though they are part of other body systems.
24
Q
Endocrine System’s Relationship With Other Organ Systems
A
- They lymphatic system provides a means of transportation for some hormones.
- The muscular system provides protection for some endocrine glands.
- The nervous system controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
25
What does the Integumentary System consist of?
The integumentary system consists of skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails.
26
What is the function of the Integumentary System?
➢ It protects internal tissures from injury.
➢ Waterproofs the body.
➢ Helps regulate body temperature.
➢ Serves as barrier to pathogens (microorganisms capable of producing disease)
27
Integumentary System’s Relationship With Other Organ Systems
* The respiratory and digestive systems provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to help it remain healthy.
* Oxygen and nutrients for the skin travel through blood vessels of the cardiovascular system.
* The lymphatic system picks up excess fluid from the skin to avoid swelling.
* The skeletal system provides shape and support.
* Hormones from the endocrine system regulate hair growth and hydration.
* The skin serves to protect internal organs, including those in the reproductive system.
28
Integumentary System Relationship With Other Organ Systems Cont.
* The muscular system generates heat that is expelled through the skin as sweat.
* The urinary system activates vitamin D.
* The nervous system regulates the production of sweat, interprets stimuli, and adjusts the diameter of blood vessels in the skin.
29
What does the Lymphatic System consist of?
The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph ( a clear rich fluid in antibodies ), the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils, which are made up of lymphoid tissue.
30
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
* It supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes.
* The lymphatic system also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels.
31
The Lymphatic System Relationship With Other Organ Systems
* The urinary system helps with proper lymphatic functioning by helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of the blood.
* The brain helps control the immune response.
* Acidic secretions in both the reproductive and integumentary systems prevent bacterial growth.
32
What does the muscular system consist of?
The muscular system consists:
➢ Skeletal muscles
➢ Tendons: that connect muscles to bones
➢ Ligaments: attach bones together to form joints.
33
The Muscular System’s Relationship With Other Organ Systems
* The endocrine system releases hormones that influence muscular strength.
* The nervous system regulates and coordinates muscle activity.
* The reproductive system encourages larger muscle size in men.
* The bones provide levers for muscular activity.
34
What does the Nervous System consist of?
The nervous system cnsists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and it serves as the body’s control system.
35
How does the nervous system work?
* Sensory receptors detect stimuli that can occur both inside and outside the body.
* The conduction of nervous impuleses along nerves is extremely fast, making it possible for immediate reflexive responses to protect the body from threats.
* The nervous system activates the appropriate muscles or glands to respond.
36
The Nervous System’s Relationship With Other Organ systems
* The endocrine system releases hormones that regulate the activity of neurons.
* The urinary system helps dispose of metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte balance for proper nerve function.
37
What is the main purpose of the Reproductive System?
To produce offspring
38
What organs make up the Reproductive System?
The system consists of the testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, and breasts.
39
Functions of the Reproductive System
* The reproductive system is specialized in men to produce sperm and in women to produce eggs or ova.
* The reproductive organs also house hormones that encourage or suppres activies within the body and influence the development of masculine or feminine body characteristics.
40
The Reproductive System’s Relationship With Other Organ Systems
* The lymphatic system transports sex hormones.
* The muscular system is involved in childbirth.
* The respiratory rate increases during pregnancy.
41
Respiratory System Function
• The respiratory system keeps the body’s cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from cells.
42
What makes up the Respiratory System?
* It consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
* The lungs house tiny air sacs called alveoli; it is through the walls of alveoli that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs via small blood vessels called arterioles.
43
Respiratory System’s Relationship With Other Organ Systems
* The muscular system aids in breathing by producing volume changes (the diaphram and intercostal muscles)
* The nervous system regulates breathing rate and depth
44
What is the function of the Skeletal System?
Function: The skeletal system provides support and protection for the body and its organs.
•Supplies framework that, when used in conjuction with the muscles, creates movement.
•It also serves as storage reservoir for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
45
What is the skeletal system made up of?
It consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
46
Skeletal System’s Relationship With Other Organ Systems
* The endocrine system releases hormones that regulate growth and the release of calcium.
* The digestive system provides nutrients necessary for the mineralization of bones.
* The urinary system activates vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption into bone.
* The muscular system helps place stress on the bones during exercise, which increased the deposits of calcium into bone.
* The nervous system recognizes painful stimuli.
* The cardiovascular system supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing wastes, such as lactic acid.
47
Skeletal System’s Relationship With Other Organ Systems Cont.
* The reproductive system influences the shape of the skeletal form.
* The integumentary system provides vitamin D necesssary for absorbing calcium into bones.
48
Function of the Urinary System
* The urinary or excretory system helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, chloride, and pottassium are electrolytes) balance within the body
* Regulates the acid-base balance of the blood
* Removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body.
* The nitrogen-containing wastes are by-products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids.
49
Urinary System’s Relationship With Other Organ Systems
* The endocrine system helps regulate the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the kidneys.
* The liver (digestive system) synthesizes urea that must be excreted by the kidneys.
50
What are the Functions of the Human Body? (8)
```
Adaptation
Circulation
Elimination
Locomotion
Nutrition
Oxygenation
Regulation
Self – duplication
```
51
Adaptation
Receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
52
Circulation
Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system
53
Elimination
Remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
54
Locomotion
Allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems
55
Nutrition
Take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
56
Oxygenation
Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system
57
Regulation
Hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
58
Self-duplication
Production of offspring via the reproductive system
59
Arteries
Away from the heart (Red/Oxygenated)
60
Veins
Towards the heart (Blue/Deoxygenated)
61
Capillaries
* Tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body.
* Capillaries also serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients within the body.
62
What does the heart consist of majorly?
The heart consists of four chambers:
The Right Atrium The Left Atrium
The Right Vesicle The Left Vesicle
63
What does it also have in addition to four chambers?
There are four valves:
• tricuspid valve (R) • mitral (L)
• pulmonary valve (R) • aortic (L)
64
General “Step 1” of Heart Pump
First, deoxygenated (blue) blood enters the superior and inferior vena cava.
65
General “Step 2” of Heart Pump
After, the blood flows into the right atrium where it reaches and goes through the tricuspid valve.
66
General “Step 3” of Heart Pump
After the tricuspid valve, the blood flow reaches the right ventricle. It stimulates the right ventricle to contract and blood reached the pulmonary valve.
67
General “Step 4” of Heart Pump
The blood goes through the pulmonary valve and reaches the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated = release of CO2 and increase of O2
68
General “Step 5” of Heart Pump
The oxygenated blood is now carried back to the heart (by pulmonary veins) and goes through the mitral valve to reach the left atrium.
69
General “Step 6” of Heart Pump
The mitral valve leads the blood to the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts and forces blood to and through the aortic valve.
70
General “Step 7” of Heart Pump
The aortic valve leads blood through the aorta. From there, the blood reaches all organs and effectors.
71
What is the function of the Respiratory System?
This system provides air exchange and supplies tissues with oxygenated blood.
The primary function is the lungs that breathe in O2 and exhale CO2.
72
What organs make up the Respiratory System?
The lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, cilia, alveoli, and diaphram.
73
Step 1 of Breathing
| Respiratory System
The process begins as air is inhaled through the nose into the trachea.
74
Step 2 of Breathing
| Respiratory System
From the trachea, air passes into the right and left bronchial tubes (inside of lungs).
75
About Bronchial Tubes
| Respiratory System
Within the bronchial tubes are tiny hairs called cilia; these hairs remove unwanted matter from lungs from air that is breathed.
76
Step 3 of Breathing
| Respiratory System
From the bronchial tubes (cilia); air travels into alveoli.
77
About Alveoli
| Respiratory System
Alveoli are tiny air sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The alveoli are the sites of exchange that occurs between CO2 and O2.
78
Step 4 of Breathing
| Respiratory System
The process that occurs in alveoli begins when the diaphram, pulls air into the lungs during inspiration (diaphram contracts) and expels CO2 from body during expiration (diaphram relaxes)
79
Reflex and it’s relation to the Nervous System.
A reflex results when a stimuli causes neurons to transmit messages to the spinal cord which then integrates information and causes effectors (muscles or glands) to react.
