Life Science 11F Flashcards
This is another name for a condensation reaction
dehydration synthesis
This is another name for dehydration synthesis
condensation reaction
The monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
The polymer of carbohydrates
polysaccharides
The monomer of proteins
amino acids
The polymer of proteins
protein (polypeptide)
The monomer of lipids
fatty acid and glycerol
The polymer of lipids
lipids
The monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotide
The polymer of nucleic acid
nucleic acid
Name the three parts of nucleotide
nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar
What does a phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with?
phosphodiester bond
How are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA abbreviated?
A,G,C,U
This have instructions that tell your cells to make proteins
Nucleotides
What is type of bases are found on nucleotides?
nitrogen bases
What is a long chain of nucleotides called?
nucleic acid
The five-carbon sugar in RNA is called
ribose
Adenine and thymine are linked by
two covalent bonds
Cytosine and guanine are linked by
three covalent bonds
True or false? The guanine and cytosine bonds are harder to break apart than thymine and adenine.
True
True or false? The thymine and adenine bonds are harder to break apart than the guanine and cytosine bonds
False
What holds the left strand and the right strand together in DNA?
hydrogen bonds
Why is DNA named differently compared to RNA?
The only difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that ribose has one more -OH group than deoxyribose, which has -H attached to the second (2’) carbon in the ring.
DNA or RNA? Long-term storage of genetic information
DNA
Which bases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
Which bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
How many rings do purine have?
2 rings
How many rings do pyrimidines have?
1 ring
How many different amino acids exist?
20
How are proteins different from polypeptides?
Proteins are made up of polypeptides. Polypeptides are chains of amino acids together.
For proteins, how do amino acids differ from one another?
They have the same structure with a different R group.
The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the _______ group.
Amino group
The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ______ group.
Carboxyl group
Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions?
Enzymes
What are the elements that make up proteins?
C,H,O, N
What is the acidity/basicity of an amino acid?
The amino group is basic, the carboxyl group is acidic.
What is an example of how proteins are used for motion?
Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in the muscle
Enzymes are sensitive to _____ and _____
temperature and pH
What is the purpose of using an enzyme?
They can make a chemical reaction go faster.
How is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis different?
Dehydration synthesis is used to link monomers together and hydrolysis is used to break down polymers into monomers.
This is the energy barrier that a reaction must overcome to proceed
Activation energy
How do enzymes lower activation energy?
By stabilizing the transition state between the substrate and the product
What is delta G in a reaction?
It correlates with the energy required to reaction equilibrium.
I am the biomolecule in charge of making hormones
Proteins. One example of a hormone that proteins make are insulin.
I am the biomolecule used to combat foreign substances on the body.
Proteins. This is a type of protein called an antibody.
Why are antibodies important for humans?
It is your immune system’s way of protecting you from infection.
Describe the shape of an antibody
It is in a y shape
I am the biomolecule that allows for structure and support for cells.
Protein
I am the biomolecule that allows for transport of substances in the body
Protein
I am the biomolecule that transmits signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.
Protein
I am a biomolecule that helps with transport. I bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.
Protein
What holds amino acids together?
a peptide bond
Covalent bonds linking one amino acid to the other
peptide bond
Where does a peptide bond form?
Between a carbon atom of one amino acid and a nitrogen atom of the other amino acid. The end of a protein with a free nitrogen atom is referred to as the N-terminus, while the other end of a protein with a free carbon atom is referred to as the C-terminus.
What is the acid part of the amino acid?
carboxyl
What is the amino part of the amino acid?
the amine group
Draw out the structure of an amino acid
Check answer
Draw out the structure of a nucleotide
Check answer
How are antibodies and pathogens related?
Pathogens have antibodies on them that have a specific shape.
How doess antibodies and antigen interact with each other?
Antigens have specific shapes. Antibodies are y-shaped proteins where they are designed to attach to specific antigens.
What makes antibodies in the human body?
white blood cells
Anything that the body recognizes as being foreign
Antigen
Do the antibodies act for or against antigens?
Against
What is the general chemical monosaccharide formula?
CN H2N ON
What three elements are common to carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Which polymer is stored for energy by animals?
Glycogen
Which polymer is stored for energy by plants?
Starch
Which polymer creates the outer boundary of plant cells?
Cellulose
What happens with dehydration synthesis using monosaccharides?
This is how monosacharies are linked together. Water is removed from 2 monosaccharides - resulting in a covalent bond between the two molecules.
A chemical reaction in which a molecules of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Hydrolysis
This is a process that breaks polymers into monomers
hydrolysis
This is a process that combines monomers to make polymers
dehydration synthesis
I am the biomolecule that helps with energy production and energy storage.
carbohydrates
I am the biomolecule that helps in building macromolecules
Carbohydrates
I am the macromolecule that spare protein and lipids for other uses
Carbohydrates
Excess glucose is stored as what in the body?
glycogen
I am the biomolecule that makes up the bilayer that coats every cell in our body.
Lipids
What biomolecules make up the cell membrane?
Lipids and proteins
This gives the cell membrane flexibility
cholesterol
This stabilizes the interactions between the phospholipids and prevent the membrane from getting too fluid or too flexible.
cholesterol
What makes up the structure of lipids?
a glycerol head and fatty acid tail
What makes up saturated fatty acids?
A long chain of C-C bonds
This type of fat is solid at room temperature
saturated fat
This type of fat is not solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fat
What makes up unsaturated fat?
Long chains of C bonds (some double bonds). The shape is crooked/not straight.
What occurs in an unsaturated fat, due to the double (or triple) bonds included in it?
There is less space for hydrogen
Which one is considered to be healthier for you: saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
unsaturated fats
Which lipid gives cells their flexibility?
cholesterol
Why are saturated fats less healthy?
A diet rich in saturated fats can drive up total cholesterol, and tip the balance toward more harmful LDL cholesterol, which prompts blockages to form in arteries in the heart and elsewhere in the body.
Other than membrane fluidity, what is a way that cholesterol helps the cell membranes?
By reducing the permeability of the cell membrane. Cholesterol helps to restrict the passage of molecules by increasing the density of the packing of phospholipids.
The excess energy from the food we eat is digested and incorporated into
Adipose tissue, or fat tissue
I am the biomolecule used for insulation
Lipids
I am the biomolecules responsible for the transport of fat-soluble nutrients.
Lipids
These compounds are characterized by the presence of carbon atoms in them
Organic compounds
They do not possess hydrogen or oxygen, and their derivatives
Inorganic compounds
This type of compound consists of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and their other derivatives
Organic compounds
Organic compounds or inorganic compounds? They are said to be more volatile and also highly inflammable.
Organic compounds
Organic compound or inorganic compound? These compounds exist in the form of solids, gases, and liquids.
Organic componds
Organic compound or inorganic compound? These exist as solids
Inorganic compound
Organic compound or inorganic compound? These are insoluble in water
Organic compound
Organic compound or inorganic compound? These are soluble in water and also non-soluble in some of the organic solutions
Inorganic compound
Organic or inorganic compounds? form covalent bonds
Organic compounds
Organic or inorganic compounds?
Form ionic bonds between the atoms of molecules
How do plants use starch?
Starch is a polymer made by plants for energy storage.
