Life Science 11B Flashcards
What are the two parts of the phospholipid in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane?
Other than phospholipids, what components make up the cell membrane?
Cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates
What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
It helps with reducing the permeability of the cell membrane and helping with membrane fluidity.
What is the role of the channel protein in the cell membrane?
It allows lipid insoluble substances to pass in and out of the cell.
What is the major role of many membrane proteins?
To help material cross from one side to the other
What is the current model for the structure of the cell membrane?
Fluid mosaic model
The diffusion of particles through integral protein channels in the plasma membrane
Facilitated diffusion
The diffusion of particles directly through the phospholipid bilayer
Simple diffusion
Diffusion with the help of channel proteins
Faciliatated diffusion
What happens when there are molecules that are too big to pass through the cell membrane?
Faciliated difusion occurs
What happens when there are molecules that have a charge that want to pass through the cell membrane?
Facilitated diffusion occurs
Transmembrane proteins use the energy of ATP to force ions or small molecules through the membrane against their concentration gradient.
Active transport
What is a cause of wilting for plants?
Low turgor pressure
The pressure exerted by water against the pressure of the cell wall in plant cells
turgor pressure
What do plant cells, specifically, rely on for strength?
turgor pressure
These are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoids in chloroplasts
What is the major difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?
In protostomes the mouth is formed first and then the anus second. In deuterostomes, it is the other way around where the anus is formed first and then the mouth is formed second.
The process that results in the formation of three distinct germ layers in the early embryo.
Gastrulation
What species does not undergo gastrulation?
sponges
Brain/control center of the cell - contains DNA/genetic material. Found in eukaryotic cells only.
Nucleus
gatekeeper - a barrier between the inside/outside of a cell. Allows nutrients in and lets wastes out
cell membrane
small, dot like organelles that are either in the cytoplasm or attached to ER
Ribosomes
What part of the cell makes proteins?
Ribosomes
Most abundant organelle, found in all cells
Ribosomes
Part of the cell where ATP/energy is made and released; bean shaped organelle.
Mitochondria
transport system of the cell - for movement of materials around the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Part of the cell that makes lipids and hormones. it also modifies proteins.
Smooth ER
This part of the cell produces proteins for export out oof the cell
Rough ER
gel-like fluid (liquid) inside the cell.
Cytoplasm
How does the Golgi apparatus work with the ER?
When a protein is made in the ER, something is made called a transition vesicle. It floats through the cytoplasm to the Golgi apparatus and is absorbed. From there, the vesicle moves to the cell membrane and the molecules are released out of the cell.
storage sacs that store water and other liquids in the cell
vacuole
Part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes that break down food, substances that are not needed, damaged cell parts, and viruses
lysosomes
Large water sack in plant cells that helps the cell hold its shape
large vacuole
Green sacs that contain chlorophyll
chloroplasts
What organelle is responsible for helping with the process of photosynthesis?
chloroplasts
Part of the cell outside of the cell membrane that gives strength and support
cell wall
Where are ribosomes made in the cell?
nucleolus, a part inside the nucleus
What is responsible for the “beads on a string” appearance of chromatin?
histones
This structure is composed of DNA and proteins, mostly basic proteins called histones
chromatin
This is the loose structure of chromosomes
chromatin
This is what the chromosomes are called when the cell is not dividing.
chromatin
This is seen as dark spots in the nucleus
nucleoli
This part of the cell contains pores that let RNA out of the nucleus
nuclear membrane
This part of the cell provides the framework for the cell
cytoskeleton
This part of the cell constantly changes shape and helps in cell movement
cytoskeleton
Threadlike, intracellular structure that are responsible for various movements in all eukaryotic cells
Microtubules
Part of the cell responsible for reinforcing cell shape
intermediate filaments
Part of the cell made up of actin and myosin
microfilaments
Part of the cell that causes characteristic contractions of the muscle
microfilaments
This part of the cell is responsible for the formation of the cleavage furrow during cell division.
microfilaments
A cytoskeletal filament that aids in structure
intermediate filaments
A cytoskeletal filament that aids in movement
microfilaments
A cytoskeletal filament that aids in intracellular transport
microtubules
