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N5 Biology > Life on Earth > Flashcards

Life on Earth Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Biodiversity?

A

The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat

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2
Q

What is the problem with deforestation?

A

Natural resources destroyed, animals become extinct, no oxygen being produced

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3
Q

What is the problem with desertification

A

No land to grow crops

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4
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

A biotic factor is a living thing which effects an ecosystem,

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5
Q

What is an abiotic factor?

A

An abiotic factor is a non living thing which affects and ecosystem

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6
Q

Examples of Biotic factors

A

Competition, disease, predators, grazing

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7
Q

Examples of abiotic factors

A

wind speed, pH, concentration of oxygen, light intensity, moisture, temperature

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8
Q

What happens to biodiversity when grazing increases?

A

Biodiversity increases but when grazing becomes to high it starts to fall again

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9
Q

Explain this graph

A

An increase in the prey causes and increase in predator as more food is available. The number of prey then decreases causing a decrease in the number of predators

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10
Q

What is a biome?

A

Biomes are the major ecological systems which can be distinguished by their abiotic factors, flora and fauna

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11
Q

Examples of aquatic biomes

A

Reef, Loch

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12
Q

Example of terrestrial biomes

A

Tropical rainforest, temperate grassland

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13
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

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14
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where an organism lives

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15
Q

Definition of population?

A

A group of organisms of the same species

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16
Q

What is a community?

A

Total of all populations of living organisms

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17
Q

What does the term niche refer to?

A

The role the living organism plays in its community

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18
Q

Where does all energy come from?

A

The sun

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19
Q

How do plants capture the energy of the sun?

A

Through a process called photosythesis

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20
Q

What are the organisms at the bottom of the food chain referred as?

A

Producers

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21
Q

All other organisms other than producers are referred to as?

A

A consumer

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22
Q

What does an arrow represent in a food chain?

A

The flow of energy from one organism to another

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23
Q

How much energy is passed on at each stage of a food chain?

A

10%

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24
Q

What is the most reliable way to represent feeding relationships in a food chain?

A

A pyramid of biomass

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25
Q

What are the three main elements in fertilisers?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Pottasium

26
Q

What can be caused by irresposible fertilisation?

A

Eutrophication

27
Q

What 4 things do plants compete for?

A

Sunlight, space, water and minerals from the soil

28
Q

What 3 things do animals compete for?

A

Space, food and a mate

29
Q

What is inter-specific competition?

A

The competition between different species

30
Q

What is intra-specific competition?

A

The competition between the same species

31
Q

What occurs after high intra-specific competition?

A

Natural selection

32
Q

What does the study of an ecosystem involve?

A

Finding out the types and abundance of living organisms

33
Q

What is a quadrat used for?

A

A quadrat marks off a small piece of area and samples the organisms within

34
Q

Two possible sources of error when using quadrats?

A

To big a quadrat

Placement of quadrat isn’t random

35
Q

What is a pitfall trap used for?

A

To capture small animals

36
Q

What are 2 possible sources of error with using a pitfall trap?

A

Lip of trap above soil

The cup is too obvious as there is a lack of leaves

37
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is a random change to the genetic material of an organism

38
Q

A mutation causes permanent change to the DNA of an organism(it’s). This can alter its - its appearance or functioning of the organism-

A

Genotype, phenotype

39
Q

What are mutagenic agents?

A

An enviromental factor which increases the rate of mutation

40
Q

What are some examples of mutagenic agents?

A

Radiation and chemicals

41
Q

Examples of disadvantageous mutations

A

sickle cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis

42
Q

Advantageous mutations are benefical because….

A

They lead to natural selection

43
Q

What does variation refer to?

A

The differences between individuals of the same species

44
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that makes an organism well suited to survive in its enviroment

45
Q

Examples of structural adaptations

A

Spikes, toughness, fur, blubber fat

46
Q

Examples of physiological adaptations

A

poison, smell, camouflage,

47
Q

Examples of behavioural adaptations

A

Endurance, food stores, echolocation

48
Q

What are the two types of behaviour and how do they differ?

A

Learned behaviour is behaviour they pick up sa they grow older

Innate behaviour is behaviour inherited from their parents and passed through genes

49
Q

What is imprinting?

A

An example of learned behaviour which keeps newborn animals close to their parents

50
Q

What is habituation?

A

An example of learned behaviour and occurs when an animal after a period of exposure to a stimulus, stops responding

51
Q

What is natural selction caused by and name 3 examples?

A

Selection pressures- food, mates, resistance to diseases

52
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Natural selection is the survival of those organisms best adapted to their enviroment “survival of the fittest”

53
Q

What is speciation?

A

Speciation is 4 stage process which allows the formation of new species.

54
Q

What are the 4 stages of speciation?

A

1-Isolation

2-Mutation

3-Natural Selection

4-Time

55
Q

What two emissions from combustion of fossil fuels lead to acid rain?

A

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

56
Q

What is a biological indicator?

A

Indicator species are species that by their prescence, abundance or abscene show the levels of pollution or enviromental quality

57
Q

What is a pesticide?

A

A pesticide is a chemical applied to a crop to reduce competition from other organism

58
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

When non specific pesticides build up in organisms throughout the food chain

59
Q

What is a biological control?

A

A natural pesticide

60
Q
A

N5 Biology (3 decks)

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