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N5 Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do you use to see the ultrastructure of a cell?

A

Electron microscope

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2
Q

Chloroplasts are the site of?

A

Photosynthesis

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3
Q

Mitochondria are the site of?

A

Respiration

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Keeps cell shape and supports the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

To photosynthesize

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7
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

To store sugar and salts

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Containing genetic information and controls cell activity

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9
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of biochemical reactions

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10
Q

What is the function of chromosomes?

A

Controls transfer of genetic material

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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12
Q

What is the function of plasmids?

A

Transfer a gene from one organism to another

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13
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Respiration

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14
Q

What are plant cell walls made out of?

A

Cellulose

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15
Q

What are cell membranes made out of?

A

Proteins and phosolipids

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16
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Phosolipid bi-layer

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17
Q

How do you describe the structure of a cell membrane?

A

Fluid mosaic

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18
Q

What are the two types of transport?

A

Passive and active

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19
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient

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20
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane, down a concentration gradient

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21
Q

What happens if the water concentration is greater outside the cell than in?

A

Water will pass into the cell and the cell will become turgid or lysed

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22
Q

What happens if the water concentration is lower outside the cell than in?

A

Water will pass out of the cell and the cell will become flaccid and then plasmolysed

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23
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient and requires ATP

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24
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a type of cell division, which produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent

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25
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46

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26
Q

What is the number of chromosomes in the nucleus called?

A

Its chromosomes complement

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27
Q

What is the first step in mitosis?

A

The chromosomes unravel

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28
Q

What is the second step in mitosis?

A

The chromosomes duplicate and form a chromatid with a centromere joining the two chromosomes

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29
Q

What is the third step in mitosis?

A

The nucleus membrane breaks down and the chromatids line the equator of the cell. Spindle fibres then attach to the individual chromatids

30
Q

What is the fourth step in mitosis?

A

The spindle fibres pull, breaking the chromatid into chromosomes at either pole of the cell

31
Q

What is the fifth step in mitosis?

A

A nuclear membrane forms round the chromosomes and the original cell membrane pinches and starts to separate

32
Q

What precautions should you take when using an aseptic technique?

A

Sterilise all equipment before and after Cover up any cuts Sterilise work surface before and after

33
Q

What are chromosomes made out of?

A

Two strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) twisted in double helix shape

34
Q

What are the four bases?

A

A=Adenine T=Thymine C=Cytosine G=Guanine

35
Q

Which bases pair with which?

A

A with T and C with G

36
Q

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonding

37
Q

What are proteins made out of?

A

Amino Acids

38
Q

What carries the genetic code to the ribosome for protein synthesis?

A

Ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

39
Q

How does the ribosome produce proteins?

A

Each three bases code for one amino acid (triplet code). The amino acids then join together by peptide bonds to form proteins

40
Q

What are the two different structures of proteins?

A

Globular and fibrous

41
Q

When would proteins have a globular shape?

A

When they are hormones, enzymes and antibodies

42
Q

When would proteins have a fibrous shape?

A

When they are keratin, collagen or muscle fibres (structural role)

43
Q

What does an antibody defend against?

A

Pathogens

44
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

45
Q

How is an enzyme specific to one substrate?

A

They are folded in a way so their active site is specific to on substrate. This is called the lock and key theory

46
Q

Examples of when enzymes are used to degrade?

A

Proteins to amino acids Carbohydrates to sugars Fats to fatty acids and glycerol

47
Q

Examples of when enzymes are used to synthesize

A

Building up proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

48
Q

What is produced when hydrogen peroxide is broken down by catalase?

A

Water and oxygen

49
Q

What is the first step in genetic engineering?

A

The required gene is cut out by enzymes

50
Q

What is the second step in genetic engineering?

A

A bacterial plasmid is removed and cut open using enzymes

51
Q

What is the third step in genetic engineering?

A

The required gene is inserted into the plasmid and sealed

52
Q

What is the fourth step in genetic engineering?

A

The plasmid is inserted into another suitable bacterium

53
Q

What is the fifth step in genetic engineering?

A

The bacteria are left to reproduce

54
Q

What is the sixth step in genetic engineering?

A

The modified bacteria produce the product and its purified

55
Q

What is the first stage in photosynthesis?

A

Photolysis

56
Q

What is the second stage in photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Fixation

57
Q

How is light used in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is trapped in the chloroplasts and is used to create ATP from ADP+Pi. It is also used to split water into oxygen into hydrogen

58
Q

What happens to the oxygen in photosynthesis?

A

It diffuses out of the cell through the stoma or used in respiration

59
Q

What happens in carbon fixation?

A

Carbon dioxide undergoes a series of enzyme controlled reactions and with the energy released by the ATP, joins together with hydrogen to form glucose

60
Q

What are the main limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide, light intensity and temperature

61
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

In the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria

62
Q

What is the first stage of Respiration?

A

Glycolysis

63
Q

What does the first stage of respiration involve?

A

Glucose gets broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm and 2 ATP are produced

64
Q

What is the second stage of respiration?

A

The breakdown of pyruvate

65
Q

Label organells X,Y and Z

A

X=Chloroplasts

Y=Ribosome

X=Mitochondria

66
Q

What is produced in the first stage of respiration?

A

Two molecules of pyruvate and ATP

67
Q

What happens in the second stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate reacts with oxygen and breaks down forming 36 molecules of ATP, carbon dioxide and water

68
Q

How many molcules of ATP are produced in aerobic respiration?

A

38

69
Q

What happens in the second stage of respiration if oxygen isn’t present?

A

The pyruvate will break down into lactic acid

70
Q

What happens when the second stage of respiration in plants doesn’t recieve oxygen?

A

The pyruvate breaks down to form ethanol and carbon dioxide

71
Q
A

N5 Biology (3 decks)

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