Life Cycles Flashcards
What are the three types of animal life cycles?
Direct development. Zygote to juvenile to adult
Indirect development. Zygote to larva to adult.
Biphasic. Shift between asexual and sexual lifestyle
What type of life cycle do all sexually reproducing organisms have?
Diploid
What are the unifying features of a fungi?
All chemoheterotrophs
Cell wall made of chiton
What are hyphae and what are the two types?
Cellular filaments with nuclei. Coenocitic and septate
What is the mycelium?
Feeding network of a fungi
What are the advantages of a filamentous body structure?
Increased surface area leads to increased absorption
Fast growth rate
Allows fungi to penetrate small spaces
What poloidy are fungal life cycles?
Haploid
What serves as the gametes in fungal reproduction?
The nucleus
What is the difference between a spore and a gamete?
Spores are capable of developing directly into a new individual while gametes must fuse with another cell before becoming a zygote and developing into a new individual.
What process are asexual spores produced by?
Mitosis
What process are sexual spores produced by?
Meiosis
What type of hyphae do Basidiomycota and ascomycota have?
Septate
What kind of hyphae does zygomycota have?
Coenocitic
What are the sexual spores in Basidiomycota and ascomycota?
Ascomycota- ascospores
Basidiomycota- basiciospores
What are the asexual spores in an ascomycota?
Conidia
What poloidy are the ascocarp and Basidiocarp?
Dikaryotic
What benefits do the ascomycota get in lichen?
Sugars and fixed nitrogen from the photosynthetic cell
What benefits do the photosynthetic cells get in lichen?
They are protected fro, UV Rays and herbivores, they have an increased level of stability and are rooted in one location where there is water.
How do lichen reproduce?
They can reproduce independently:
Fungi sexually and photosynthetic cells asexually
Or they can reproduce together through fragmentation or soredia
When did the kingdom plantae evolve?
475 to 500 Million years ago
What is the closest living relative to the kingdom plantae?
Charophytes
What type of lifestyle do charophytes have?
Haploid
What are the defining features of a plant?
Alternation of generations Multicellular sporangia and gametangia Zygote and embryo retained and nourished by maternal tissue Thick walled non flagellated spores Water resistant waxy cuticle
What is the dominant lifecycle of plants?
2N generation
When did flowering plants originate?
About 140 million years ago
What is pollen
Male genetic component covered by a resistant covering
What does a seed contain
A. Embryo and food sourc e
What is the archegonia?
Produces and houses the egg. One egg per archegonium
What is the antheridia
Houses and produces the sperm. Many sperm per antheridium
What are the generation to generation stages in the life of a sexually reproducing organism?
Meiosis
Fertilization
Mitosis
What order are the generation to generation life stages in a diploid organism?
Meiosis
Fertilization
Mitosis
What are the generation to generation stages in a haploid life cycle?
Mitosis
Mitosis fertilization
Meiosis
What ploidy is the archegonium in moss?
Haploid
What ploidy is the zygote in a moss and ferns?
Diploid
What does the integument become?
The seed coat
What is the dispersal stage in gymnosperms?
Seeds
What does the megasporangium become in a seed?
Food supply
What does the megaspores become in a seed?
The embryo
Describe the male side of fertilization in gymnosperms
Many microsporocytes-meiosis- many microspores-mitosis- many 4’celled male gametophytes
Summarize the events of fertilization in a gymnosperm from the female perspective
One 2N megasporangium-meiosis- 4 1N megaspores (3 degenerate) single surviving megaspores-mitosis- multicellular female gametophyte-mitosis- 2 to 3 archegonia with female gametophyte, each with one egg (1N)
