life at cellular level Flashcards
list 3 features of prokaryotes
no memrbane bound organalles
no nucleus
no mitochondria
what can undifferentiated stem cells give rise to?
daughter cells- which are genetically identical until they undergo gene expression or different local environment
what cause daughter cells to develop into different cell types?
different gene expression & different local enivronment
define apoptosis
programmed , controlled cell death
define necrosis and what is it a response to
untimely/ abnormal cell death in response to injury or infection
what is the name given to the structure of the cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
what is the role of embedded proteins in the cell membrane
receptor that carry signlaling molecules and chemical messengers
state 3 things contained inside the nucleus
DNA
RNA
nuceloprotein
what organelle is the nucleus closely associated with ?
RER
function of ribosomes
synthesis proteins
function of RER
modification of proteins after their synthesis
function of SER
metabolise toxins and produces steroid and lipids
describe the main difference between mitochodria inner memrbane vs its outer one
inner membrane-contains cristae
outer membrane - contains pores
what is autophagy?
digestion of own cells materials
list the 3 proteins that make up cytoskeleton
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
what are microfilaments made up of
actin
what are intermediate filaments made of with
fibrous protein
state 2 surface projections
cilia
flagella
what element is the basis of almost all biomolecules, and why?
carbon - as it binds to alot of things
how can you identify an aldehyde and keton functional group?
aldehyde C=Oat the end of chain
ketone C=O in the middle of chain
trans and cis formation differ how ?
trans C=C opposite sides of eachother
cis C=C both sides
what is the term used to describe a symmetrical molecule
achiral
term used to describe an asymmetrical molecule
chiral
what is condensation and hydrolysis reactions
condensation - two smaller molecules join to procduce larger one and have a end product of water
hydroplysis - water is added to a molecule , breaking it down to smaller molecules
what is the term given to complex carboyhdrates
polysaccharides
give example of monosaccharides
glucose , fructose , galactose
give example of polysaccharide
starch , glycogen
what formation do glucose monomers form when linked together?
cyclic form
what are polypeptides
shorter chains of amino acids
what are nucleic acids
polymers of nuceloutide monomers
what bond links nucleic acids together
3’ ,5’ ‘ phosphodiester bonds
what 3 things makes up a neucleotide
base
phosphate group
sugar
what are the 2 type of bases in nucelic acids
purines
pyrimidines
name all pyrimidines (3) and purines(2)
purines ; Adenine and guanine
pyrimidine; cytosine , thymine and URACIL
what would u call a fatty acid with NO double bond vs one with one double bond and one with multuple double bonds?
no double bonds - saturated
1 double bond- mono-unsaturated
multiple double bond- polyunsaturated
name given to sphere of phosphlipids
micelle
