life at cellular level

Question 1

list 3 features of prokaryotes

Answer 1

no memrbane bound organalles

no nucleus

no mitochondria

Question 2

what can undifferentiated stem cells give rise to?

Answer 2

daughter cells- which are genetically identical until they undergo gene expression or different local environment

Question 3

what cause daughter cells to develop into different cell types?

Answer 3

different gene expression & different local enivronment

Question 4

define apoptosis

Answer 4

programmed , controlled cell death

Question 5

define necrosis and what is it a response to

Answer 5

untimely/ abnormal cell death in response to injury or infection

Question 6

what is the name given to the structure of the cell membrane

Answer 6

phospholipid bilayer

Question 7

what is the role of embedded proteins in the cell membrane

Answer 7

receptor that carry signlaling molecules and chemical messengers

Question 8

state 3 things contained inside the nucleus

Answer 8

DNA
RNA
nuceloprotein

Question 9

what organelle is the nucleus closely associated with ?

Answer 9

RER

Question 10

function of ribosomes

Answer 10

synthesis proteins

Question 11

function of RER

Answer 11

modification of proteins after their synthesis

Question 12

function of SER

Answer 12

metabolise toxins and produces steroid and lipids

Question 13

describe the main difference between mitochodria inner memrbane vs its outer one

Answer 13

inner membrane-contains cristae

outer membrane - contains pores

Question 14

what is autophagy?

Answer 14

digestion of own cells materials

Question 15

list the 3 proteins that make up cytoskeleton

Answer 15

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

Question 16

what are microfilaments made up of

Answer 16

actin

Question 17

what are intermediate filaments made of with

Answer 17

fibrous protein

Question 18

state 2 surface projections

Answer 18

cilia
flagella

Question 19

what element is the basis of almost all biomolecules, and why?

Answer 19

carbon - as it binds to alot of things

Question 20

how can you identify an aldehyde and keton functional group?

Answer 20

aldehyde C=Oat the end of chain

ketone C=O in the middle of chain

Question 21

trans and cis formation differ how ?

Answer 21

trans C=C opposite sides of eachother

cis C=C both sides

Question 22

what is the term used to describe a symmetrical molecule

Answer 22

achiral

Question 23

term used to describe an asymmetrical molecule

Answer 23

chiral

Question 24

what is condensation and hydrolysis reactions

Answer 24

condensation - two smaller molecules join to procduce larger one and have a end product of water

hydroplysis - water is added to a molecule , breaking it down to smaller molecules

Question 25

what is the term given to complex carboyhdrates

Answer 25

polysaccharides

Question 26

give example of monosaccharides

Answer 26

glucose , fructose , galactose

Question 27

give example of polysaccharide

Answer 27

starch , glycogen

Question 28

what formation do glucose monomers form when linked together?

Answer 28

cyclic form

Question 28

what are polypeptides

Answer 28

shorter chains of amino acids

Question 29

what are nucleic acids

Answer 29

polymers of nuceloutide monomers

Question 30

what bond links nucleic acids together

Answer 30

3’ ,5’ ‘ phosphodiester bonds

Question 31

what 3 things makes up a neucleotide

Answer 31

base
phosphate group
sugar

Question 32

what are the 2 type of bases in nucelic acids

Answer 32

purines
pyrimidines

Question 33

name all pyrimidines (3) and purines(2)

Answer 33

purines ; Adenine and guanine

pyrimidine; cytosine , thymine and URACIL

Question 34

what would u call a fatty acid with NO double bond vs one with one double bond and one with multuple double bonds?

Answer 34

no double bonds - saturated

1 double bond- mono-unsaturated

multiple double bond- polyunsaturated

Question 35

name given to sphere of phosphlipids

Answer 35

micelle