carbohydrates

Question 1

name 3 dissacharides

Answer 1

lactose , sucrose , maltose

Question 2

what is another name for sugar

Answer 2

hexoses
(type of monosaccarhide rememeber

Question 3

what are heteropolysaccharides and homopolysacchardies

Answer 3

hetero- carbohydrate with two or more monomers

homo-carbohydrate with one monomer

Question 4

what is the most common disaccharide deficiency.

Answer 4

lactose deficiency

Question 5

identify the initial, middle and final location of carbohydrate absoportion in the body and where u can identify which enzymes are involved in each step

Answer 5

initial- mouth (by amylase)

middle- doudenum (pancreatic amylase)

final - jejunum

Question 6

What mechanism allows glucose to move in to/be absorbed by epithelial cells?

Answer 6

glucose/Na symport

Question 7

what is glucose phosphorylated into immediately after absoprtion

Answer 7

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 8

what CELL helps with the phopsorylation of glucose immediately after absoprtion?

Answer 8

hepatocytes

Question 9

which enzymes catalyse glucose phophoryalting into G-6-P

Answer 9

hexokinase (present in all tissue)

glucokinase (in the liver )

Question 10

what is the inverse of having a high Km value

Answer 10

low affinity

Question 11

State whether glucokinase and hexokinase have high or low Km and Vmax values,

Answer 11

glucokinase -high km(low affinity) and high
Vmax

hexokinase - low Km (high affinity & low Vmax, inefficient enzyme(breaks down slowly) with high affinity for glucose (can obtain glucose in low conc)

Question 11

what type of pathway is glycolysis - anabolic or catabolic ?

Answer 11

catabolic pathway

Question 12

What is meant by substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 12

formation of ATP from ADP

Question 13

what electron is vital for glycolysis to occur ?

Answer 13

NAD+

NAD+ becomes NADH

Question 14

Identify the term used to describe the regeneration of NAD+ (using pyruvate into lactate) after glycolysis so that the cycle can start again.

Answer 14

redox balance

Question 15

what is the purpose of gluceogenesis ?

Answer 15

generate glucose from NON-carbohydrate molecules

Question 16

Name a substance that each fructose and galactose can be converted into to be used in glycolysis.

Answer 16

fructose - F-6-P

galactose- G-6-P

Question 17

what does having a high Vmax mean to the enzyme

Answer 17

means enzyme is effiecient and breaks substance down fast

Question 18

going from G-6-P TO F-6-P use what catalyst enzyme ?

Answer 18

phosphohexose

Question 19

be familiar with 4 things pyruvate can be converted into

Answer 19

ehtanol, lactate , aceytl Coa and Co2

Question 20

is the reaction between G-6-P and F-6-P reversible or not?

Answer 20

it is reverisble

glucose to -G-6-P is irreversible

the F reactions are irreversible
(F-6-P –> F-1,6BP)

Question 21

what can G-6-P be stored as?

Answer 21

glycogen

Question 22

what is the central enzyme of glycogen that starts off the process of formation?

Answer 22

glucogenin

Question 23

what causes Gierkes disease?

Answer 23

G-6-P defieciency

Question 24

what are the 2 stages of glycolysis?

Answer 24

1. prepatory phase

2.pay off phase

Question 25

3rd step of glycolysis is catalysed by which enzyme?

Answer 25

3rd step is F-6-P to F,1,6-P

using phophofructokinase-1

Question 26

which 2 steps does the ATP–>ADP transfer occur in glycoylsis ?

Answer 26

step 1 and step 3

Question 27

NAD+ is essential for glycolysis, how is this regenarated?

Answer 27

pyruvate converted into lactate

Question 28

in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is oxidised into what?

Answer 28

Aceytl CoA

Question 29

what is F-1,6-BP converted into?

Answer 29

DHAP

Question 30

what does glycoysis produce?

Answer 30

2 PYRUVATE

2 ATP (starts with 4)

2 NADH

Question 31

how many ATP does glyoclysis start with and how many does it end with

Answer 31

starts -4

end with 2

Question 32

ultimately what does glucose in glycolysis want to be converted into at the end?

Answer 32

2 PYRUVATE

Question 33

is glycolysis an anaorobic or aeorbic process?

Answer 33

anaeorobic

(pyruvate converted into lactate to regenerate NAD+)