carbohydrates Flashcards
name 3 dissacharides
lactose , sucrose , maltose
what is another name for sugar
hexoses
(type of monosaccarhide rememeber
what are heteropolysaccharides and homopolysacchardies
hetero- carbohydrate with two or more monomers
homo-carbohydrate with one monomer
what is the most common disaccharide deficiency.
lactose deficiency
identify the initial, middle and final location of carbohydrate absoportion in the body and where u can identify which enzymes are involved in each step
initial- mouth (by amylase)
middle- doudenum (pancreatic amylase)
final - jejunum
What mechanism allows glucose to move in to/be absorbed by epithelial cells?
glucose/Na symport
what is glucose phosphorylated into immediately after absoprtion
glucose-6-phosphate
what CELL helps with the phopsorylation of glucose immediately after absoprtion?
hepatocytes
which enzymes catalyse glucose phophoryalting into G-6-P
hexokinase (present in all tissue)
glucokinase (in the liver )
what is the inverse of having a high Km value
low affinity
State whether glucokinase and hexokinase have high or low Km and Vmax values,
glucokinase -high km(low affinity) and high
Vmax
hexokinase - low Km (high affinity & low Vmax, inefficient enzyme(breaks down slowly) with high affinity for glucose (can obtain glucose in low conc)
what type of pathway is glycolysis - anabolic or catabolic ?
catabolic pathway
What is meant by substrate level phosphorylation?
formation of ATP from ADP
what electron is vital for glycolysis to occur ?
NAD+
NAD+ becomes NADH
Identify the term used to describe the regeneration of NAD+ (using pyruvate into lactate) after glycolysis so that the cycle can start again.
redox balance
what is the purpose of gluceogenesis ?
generate glucose from NON-carbohydrate molecules
Name a substance that each fructose and galactose can be converted into to be used in glycolysis.
fructose - F-6-P
galactose- G-6-P
what does having a high Vmax mean to the enzyme
means enzyme is effiecient and breaks substance down fast
going from G-6-P TO F-6-P use what catalyst enzyme ?
phosphohexose
be familiar with 4 things pyruvate can be converted into
ehtanol, lactate , aceytl Coa and Co2
is the reaction between G-6-P and F-6-P reversible or not?
it is reverisble
glucose to -G-6-P is irreversible
the F reactions are irreversible
(F-6-P –> F-1,6BP)
what can G-6-P be stored as?
glycogen
what is the central enzyme of glycogen that starts off the process of formation?
glucogenin
what causes Gierkes disease?
G-6-P defieciency
