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Politics A-Level > Liberalism > Flashcards

Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

What did Locke oppose?

A

Absolutism in the monarchy

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2
Q

What did Locke support?

A

Social contract theory (strong property rights), right to revolution and constitutionalism

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3
Q

What was Locke’s view of man?

A

He is free and equal

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4
Q

What did Adam Smith try to do in The Theory of Moral Sentiments 1759?

A

Reconcile human self-interest with unregulated social order through a ‘mutual sympathy of sentiments’

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5
Q

What was Adam Smith’s views on the economy?

A

Free trade, regulation limited to controlling monopolies

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6
Q

What did Kant add to the liberal ideology?

A

That due to the law of reason there must be categorial imperatives (such as freedom clearly) and that as we treat other as ‘ends’ we are not overly cruel

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7
Q

What did Jefferson support?

A

Agrarianism, limited government, laissez-faire, individual responsibility and freedom

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8
Q

Which idea did Bentham support?

A

Utilitarianism, ‘the greatest happiness for the greatest number’

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9
Q

Why did Bentham support utilitarianism?

A

Individuals were rationally self-interested creatures or utility maximisers

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10
Q

What did James Madison support?

A

Checks and balances, divided government , pluralism, federalism, bicameralism - a basic splitting of power

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11
Q

Which classically liberal ideas did Mill support?

A

Opposition to collectivism and tradition, negative freedoms

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12
Q

Which modern liberal ideas did Mill support?

A

Individuality, female suffrage, workers cooperatives

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13
Q

What did T.H. Green support?

A

Welfarism, social justice, positive freedom, new liberalism, not laissez-faire

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14
Q

What did John Rawls attempt to do?

A

Reconcile individualism and social justice through the social contract theory

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15
Q

What did Rawls see as the role of justice?

A

‘Justice as fairness’ whereby a ‘veil of ignorance’ makes everybody equal, and as a result people support that equality

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16
Q

5 core themes of liberalism

A

Individualism, freedom, reason, justice and toleration

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17
Q

5 core themes of classical liberalism

A

Natural rights, utilitarianism, economic liberalism, social Darwinism and neoliberalism

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18
Q

4 core themes of modern liberalism

A

Individuality, positive freedom, social liberalism and economic management

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19
Q

How did 20th century views of liberalism change?

A

They became more about what is right rather than promoting what is good (moral neutrality)

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20
Q

Classical and modern division of individualism

A

Egoistical individualism (atomism) versus developmental individualism (promoting individuals flourishing)

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21
Q

Mill’s Principle of Harm

A

‘The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized society, against his free will, is to prevent harm to others’

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22
Q

Isiah Berlin’s belief on positive freedom

A

It is self-mastery through the achievement of autonomy or self-development (no focus on complete freedom to do anything you like, only that which aids yourself, so state intervention supported)

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23
Q

Opposite to rationalism

A

Paternalism

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24
Q

Explain rationalism

A

World has a rational structure which can be understood through human reason and critical inquiry(reason over empiricism or tradition)

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25
Q

Example of rationalism UK

A

Liberal Party members supporting debate and negotiation, fuelled by reason, over war

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26
Q

Liberal ideas of equality

A

Foundational equality + formal/legal/political equality; having equal opportunities to develop unequal skills that different individuals have

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27
Q

Classical and modern division of equality

A

Meritocracy and incentives to work versus some social equality

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28
Q

Recent modern liberal philosopher’s views of equality

A

Rawls supports only economic inequality when it benefits the poor/luck egalitarianism of Dworkin

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29
Q

Why was Mill supportive of toleration?

A

Only though this method may debate come about which would avoid ‘dull conformism’

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30
Q

Locke quote of state given freedom

A

Where there is no law there is no freedom

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31
Q

Hobbes quote on human life in state of nature

A

Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short

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32
Q

Lord Acton quotes on power

A

Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely
Great men are almost always bad men

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33
Q

Montesquieu quote on separation of powers

A

Power should be a check to power

34
Q

What was Mill’s plan for democracy?

A

To avoid wisdom being lost, plural voting based on one’s level of education should be brought in

35
Q

What did Ortega y Gasset fear about democracy?

A

It would give rise to dictators who could appeal to the basest instincts of the masses

36
Q

Differences in democracy between classical and modern liberals

A

Protective democracy of consent of Locke or equilibrium democracy of consensus

37
Q

Who coined the phrases ‘nightwatchmen’ and ‘necessary evil’?

A

Locke and Paine

38
Q

What are natural rights?

A

Inalienable God-given basic rights given to individuals merely for being human

39
Q

3 disagreements over natural rights

A

Hobbes believing in monarchy instead of state of nature, Locke on ‘life, liberty and property’ and Jefferson on ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’

40
Q

What was Bentham’s view of natural rights and what did he propose in kind?

A

‘Nonsense on stilts’ preferring the happiness-promoting self-interested utilitarianism

41
Q

Samuel Smile’s book title of 1859

A

Self-help: Heaven helps those who help themselves

42
Q

Progression of Social Darwinism

A

Herbert Spencer developed ideas that society worked like Darwin’s ideas of the time - those who work hardest will naturally fall to the top (success of the fittest)

43
Q

3 economists of neoliberalism

A

Smith, Hayek and Friedman

44
Q

What was Mill seen as in the history of liberalism and why?

A

The bridge of old negative freedoms and modern issues of women’s suffrage and personal development

45
Q

Why did Mill and Bentham disagree?

A

Mill felt life should be about more than just happiness, or good and bad, but also development of intellect and morals

46
Q

Mill’s quote about individuality

A

Preference to be ‘Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied’

47
Q

Which philosopher built up ideas of new liberalism and who followed this?

A

Green, then Hobhouse and Hobson

48
Q

What was the basis of Green’s ‘socialist liberalism’?

A

Not having the ‘freedom to starve’ but still having the freedom to have individuals help themselves

49
Q

Examples of social liberalism

A

Beveridge report about removing ‘five giants,’ New Deal, New Frontier, Great Society

50
Q

What were the ideals of Rawls?

A

Social-democratic liberalism, of ‘equality as fairness’ and the ‘difference principle’ where economics and society are organised to help the poorest

51
Q

Division between classical and modern liberals on the ideology in general

A

Economic liberalism versus social liberalism

52
Q

Division between classical and modern liberals on how individuals act

A

Maximise utility versus personal growth

53
Q

Division between classical and modern liberals on justice

A

Rights-based justice versus justice as fairness

54
Q

Division between classical and modern liberals on welfare

A

Strict meritocracy/safety-net welfare versus concerns for poor/cradle to grave welfare

55
Q

Example of individualism UK

A

No government can do anything except through people, and people must look after themselves first - Thatcher

56
Q

Example of positive freedom UK

A

Lib Dem tuition fee abolition

57
Q

Example of negative freedom UK

A

Lib Dem/Labour 2017 Manifesto support for legalisation of marijuana

58
Q

Example of justice as rights-based UK

A

New Labour passing 1998 Human Rights Act

59
Q

Example of difference principle UK

A

Conservative reforms of raising tax free allowance under Cameron (aiding poorest) in 2015 Manifesto

60
Q

Example of toleration UK

A

In order to avoid conflict, through toleration of other ideas compromise over striking workers was reached in 1912 with Liberal Party

61
Q

Example of constitutionalism UK

A

Cabinet Manual by Gus O’Donnell asked for by Brown

62
Q

Example of utilitarianism UK

A

Liberal New Right of Thatcher decreasing taxes so people can use their money as they wish

63
Q

Example of economic liberalism/neoliberalism UK

A

Big Bang of 1986

64
Q

Example of social Darwinism UK

A

2016 Tory cut of capital gains tax which aides wealthy far more than poorest

65
Q

Example of individuality UK

A

New Labour support of apprenticeships in order to expand choices to develop yourself

66
Q

Example of economic management

A

Yellow Book of Liberal Party of 1928

67
Q

Example of classical liberalism in Orange Book

A

Free markets in public sector

68
Q

Example of modern liberalism in Orange Book

A

Help for poor in terms of social liberalism much like paternalism

69
Q

Milton Friedman opinion on equality

A

Only liberty or equality, not both

70
Q

Liberal critique of socialism

A

Levelling up is better than levelling down in socialism

71
Q

Inequality supported by all liberals with

A

Inequality of outcome will occur in capitalism, all agree

72
Q

Mill on freedom of opinion

A

Human beings should be free to form opinions and to express their opinions without reserve

73
Q

Classical liberals on freedom with markets

A

The freer the markets the freer the people

74
Q

What is libertarianism?

A

Ideas of natural rights and utilitarianism where liberty from the state is more important than equality and other ideas

75
Q

Ideas of TH Green

A

Freedom from coercion is only useful if all individuals are unhindered from poverty or disease in order to self-develop

76
Q

Dworkin on natural rights

A

Idea that rights act as ‘trumps’ over any other idea, unlike legal positivists that see rights only as those protected in the law

77
Q

Voltaire on toleration

A

The consequence of humanity. We are all formed of fragility and error; let us pardon reciprocally each other’s folly, that is the first law of nature

78
Q

Locke on possessive individualism

A

‘God gave the world to the use of the industrious and rational’ leading to support of property ownership of those who make it, freedom from state to take that away

79
Q

Locke’s idea of consent

A

Government based on the consent of the governed, with state acting as rule of the majority and rules divorcing private interests before taking power

80
Q

Hegel on the state

A

Idea that individual egos are all that the state acts to protect from tyranny leads to no ability to support civic good or the betterment of the public

81
Q

Example of justice as fairness UK

A

2005 Constitutional Reform Act creating independent and therefore fair judiciary

Politics A-Level (11 decks)

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