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Politics A-Level > Conservatism > Flashcards

Conservatism Flashcards

1
Q

5 core themes

A

Tradition, human imperfection, organic society, hierarchy/authority and property

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2
Q

6 strands of conservatism

A

Authoritarian, One Nation, Christian Democracy (both paternalistic), Libertarian, Liberal New Right, Conservative New Right

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3
Q

Why did Burke support tradition?

A

Our customs are God given, and so ‘the law of our creator’ and ‘natural law’ should not be changed

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4
Q

Burke and Chesterton on importance of ancestors

A

Partnership of ‘those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born’
‘Democracy of the dead’

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5
Q

Darwinism in conservatism explained

A

As society works as the survival of the fittest, changing institutions is removing tested things that are the best

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6
Q

Examples of attempts to retain rootedness and not a insecure future

A

Having judges wearing wigs, campaigns to keep red telephone and post boxes

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7
Q

Hobbes quote on human interest

A

‘Power after power’

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8
Q

Quotes of Oakenshott about human intellectual weakness

A

World is ‘boundless and bottomless’

Fear that ‘the cure is not worse than the disease’

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9
Q

Durkheim opinion of organic society

A

Anomie could take hold if people are given too many negative freedoms

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10
Q

Conservative opinion of freedom

A

Doing one’s duty keeps society from becoming atomistic, so your freedom is your duty

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11
Q

Example of duty freedom

A

Instructing children on how to behave

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12
Q

Differences of organicism to other ideologies

A

There are no separate parts that can be stripped down and changed, and also society is natural, no contract

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13
Q

What is functionalism?

A

The idea that institutions, merely by existing, show that they are worthwhile

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14
Q

How does the Liberal New Right threaten organicism?

A

An atomistic view of society is taken where the rights of the individual to act as they wish economically are raised

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15
Q

What is Burke’s view on inequality?

A

Like a body with each part having different functions, there is a natural aristocracy where difference members of society have different functions

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16
Q

Why is authority important?

A

It leads people to know their place and as a result they do not feel rootlessness or anomie

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17
Q

Why is burglary such a bad crime for conservatives?

A

Property is a personal thing which people use to represent them and give them a sense of belonging and rootedness

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18
Q

Example of generational link of property

A

Macmillan calling privatisation under Thatcher as ‘selling of the family silver’

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19
Q

French conservative philosopher: name and ideas

A

Joseph de Maistre who supported a return to monarchical government and supreme papal spiritual power in order to keep the bonds of society in tact

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20
Q

Russian Tsar Nicholas I conservative proclamation

A

‘Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality’

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21
Q

Pope Pius IX 1864 conservative proclamation

A

Radicalism or progressiveness are ‘false doctrines of our most unhappy age’

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22
Q

How have authoritarian conservatives gained power in the last 200 years?

A

Often through populist policies appealing to the poorest of order, national unity, economic prosperity and in the case of Perón, anti-Yankee imperialism

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23
Q

Quote of Burke about change

A

A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation

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24
Q

Ian Gilmour quote on conservatism

A

The wise Conservative travels light

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25
Q

What is paternalism?

A

Power over individuals to confer on to them benefits or to prevent harm

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26
Q

What are the two strands of paternalism?

A

Soft and hard (more authoritarian)

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27
Q

Why is paternalism opposed by some strands of conservatism?

A

Restricting liberty but more importantly, ‘infantalization’ of society (immorality of not self-reliance)

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28
Q

Which 2 books did Disraeli write?

A

Sybil and Coningsby

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29
Q

2 examples of Disraeli One Nation conservatism

A

Second Reform Act leading to more working class voters, and bettered housing and hygiene in cities

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30
Q

What were the 2 ideas which drove Disraeli’s One Nation conservatism?

A

Reform to avoid revolution, and then unequal responsibilities of individuals based on hierarchy

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31
Q

What was Randolph Churchill’s view of One Nation conservatism?

A

It is key to keep traditional institutions such as House of Lords popular, and this can only be done through reform, known as Tory democracy

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32
Q

4 tenets of Toryism

A

Hierarchy, tradition, duty and organicism

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33
Q

When was the high point of One Nation conservatism and who supported it with which book?

A

50s and 60s, finding a balance between previous failures of laissez-faire versus total socialism, with Macmillan and his book The Middle Way supporting a mixed economy

34
Q

Recent incarnation of One Nation conservatism

A

Compassionate Conservatism

35
Q

Tenets of Christian democracy

A

Social groups over individual, organic harmony, subsidiarity, social market which aims to help small businesses and reach social betterment

36
Q

2 Christian democracy parties

A

German Christian Democratic Union and Italian Christian Democratic Party

37
Q

Why did Burke support free markets?

A

The ‘love of lucre’ is natural and therefore should not be restrained, and any ‘degrading, unseemly, unmanly and often most unwholesome’ parts of the market for working classes are ‘the natural course of things’ - tradition

38
Q

How is the market a useful tool when faced with weak individuals?

A

Forces of the market can bring about ‘market order’, for example workers not striking to keep their jobs

39
Q

Division between paternalist and libertarian conservatives

A

Organic society versus atomistic individualism

40
Q

2 Liberal New Right economists

A

Hayek (The Road to Serfdom) and Friedman

41
Q

Oakeshott quote on individual’s desires

A

To prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible

42
Q

Quote of Friedman in response to Keynes

A

Natural rate of unemployment

43
Q

Which ideas drive the anti-Welfarism of the Liberal New Right?

A

Avoiding a culture of dependency, and not giving to the undeserving poor

44
Q

2 modern philosophers of Liberal New Right and their ideas

A

Charles Murray, welfare breaking down family unit, and Robert Nozick, individual rights against redistribution of welfare - ‘legalized theft’

45
Q

2 examples of Conservative New Right social values supported

A

Thatcher’s Victorian Values and Moral Majority

46
Q

Why is permissiveness dangerous for CNR?

A

It leads to a plurality of morals, which in turn leads to less cohesion of society and a pathless desert facing individuals

47
Q

2 ideas of CNR foreign policy

A

Neo-Reaganism and Hard Wilsonianism, most clearly shown by the recognition of Afghanistan as bad, and then democracy building in the nation after invasion

48
Q

Difference of LNR of 80s and now

A

‘Heroic’ new right turning to ‘managerial’ new right, or even civic conservatism

49
Q

Example of tradition Britain

A

Conservative proposals to bring back fox hunting

50
Q

Example of human imperfection Britain

A

New Labour support of law and order through ASBOs in 1998

51
Q

Example of organic society Britain

A

Conservative support of House of Lords - keeping weak societal bonds in place

52
Q

Example of hierarchy Britain

A

Capital gains tax cut in 2016 doing nothing to help the poorest - natural aristocracy

53
Q

Example of property Britain

A

Thatcher Right to Buy

54
Q

Example of One Nation Conservatism Britain

A

Liberal reform of National Insurance to give people healthcare - decreasing gap between rich and poor

55
Q

2 examples of tough law and order of Conservative Party

A

Chris Grayling limiting books in prison in 2015, and increasing sentencing for drink driving

56
Q

Example of supporting property for all by Major

A

90s decision to sell military property to private buyers, but as the prices were too low it was also seen as shortchanging defense

57
Q

How one should lay out a paragraph

A

Explanation of theory, analysis of theory, strands supporting/giving varying views on idea, additional synoptic nature, examples, concluding sentence linking back to question

58
Q

Example of paternalism of IDS

A

Working against ‘conveyor belt to crime’

59
Q

Example of organic society of IDS

A

‘Neighbourly society’ supported

60
Q

Example of One Nation and rejection of human imperfection of Cameron

A

Policy Unit in 2008 Green Paper on rehabilitation of ex-prisoners/ ‘hug a hoodie’ of 2006

61
Q

Organic society in Cameron

A

Big Society ideas encompassing all

62
Q

Example of property values in Cameron

A

Focus on environment and handing over green spaces to the next generation - generational link

63
Q

Example of property and LNR of Cameron

A

Privatisation of Royal Mail from 2013

64
Q

Example of rejection of tradition of Cameron/cabinet

A

Education changes by Gove in 2011

65
Q

Example of human imperfection supported by Cameron

A

Values entrenched in individuals of NCS announced in 2010 as part of Big Society

66
Q

Example of organic society/family values of Cameron

A

August 2014 speech about family outlining past success of party in supporting them - ie tax free childcare

67
Q

Example of rejection of ‘family’ of Cameron

A

Legalisation of gay marriage

68
Q

Example of rejection of stable organicism of May

A

3-lock on pensions in 2017 Manifesto brought down to 2-lock

69
Q

Example of Conservative policy of traditional values

A

Major’s Back to Basic campaign

70
Q

Michael Howard on prison

A

Prison works

71
Q

Changes to police under Cameron

A

More accountable than under Thatcher

72
Q

Burke on too much power

A

The greater the power the more dangerous the abuse

73
Q

Lord Hailsham on mindset and ideology

A

A state of mind, rather than an ideology

74
Q

Russel Kirk on conservatism

A

The negation of ideology

75
Q

4 tenets of authority

A

Provides normative guidance, simplifies decision making process, reduced complexity and promotes cooperation and social order

76
Q

Difference between authoritarian conservatism and fascism

A

Conservatives try to suppress politics while fascists promote a politicisation of everyday life to reach national goals

77
Q

Daniel Bell on state role

A

When the state takes a larger role, the people increase their expectations of it leading to ungovernability

78
Q

Evolution of Hague

A

Originally libertarian in policy, against communitarianism of Blair, he changed later to ‘common-sense conservatism’ with attacks on asylum seekers and welfare

79
Q

Overall difference between Liberal New Right and other conservatives

A

Anti-statist v statist

80
Q

Example of noblesse oblige

A

February 2018 voluntary council tax campaign by Tory Westminster City Council to help homeless

Politics A-Level (11 decks)

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