Liberal reforming legislation in the 1960s Flashcards

1
Q

Who was key to liberal reforms?

A

Roy Jenkins

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2
Q

What Labour government policies were ahead of their time?

A

-Abolition of capital punishment
-Abortion Act
-Sexual offences Act
-Divorce laws

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3
Q

What were the dividing lines in the Labour government about liberal reforms?

A

Labour leaders such as Harold Wilson and George Brown were conservative on moral issues along with many working class Labour MPs remained suspicious of change.

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4
Q

What did Labour favour when it came to altering law?

A

Labour also favoured the use of ‘expert witnesses’ and a technical/rational approach to alterations in the law.

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5
Q

What was the provision for backbench MPs to introduce legislation?

A

Private Member bills

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6
Q

What kind of vote were private member bills usually?

A

Free vote

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7
Q

What is a free vote?

A

MPs are allowed to vote without the party whip.

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8
Q

When was capital punishment abolished?

A

1969

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9
Q

What did Jenkins refuse to do in 1967?

A

In 1967 Jenkins also refused to authorise the beating of prisoners, which ceased after 1967

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10
Q

What did Jenkins bring in to do with juries?

A

He brought in majority votes for juries instead of unanimity

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11
Q

Effect of unanimity juries?

A

This helped put many skilled and deadly criminals behind bars.

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12
Q

Effect of abolition of capital punishment = ?

A

Didn’t significantly reduce the number of murders or violent crimes as supporters had hoped for.

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13
Q

When was the divorce reform act passed?

A

1969

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14
Q

What did the divorce reform act allow for?

A

This allowed for ‘no fault divorce’ following the breakdown of a marriage.

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15
Q

Under what circumstances could couples divorce?

A
  • They had lived apart for two years and both partners agreed to a divorce
  • They had lived apart for 5 years and one partner wanted the divorce.
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16
Q

What was the backlash from MPs for the liberal reforming legislation?

A

Many Christian MPs thought that Labour were discarding Judea Christian morality that had existed in the UK for the last 1000 years.

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17
Q

Effect of the 1969 divorce reform act = ?

A

Following the reforms there were large numbers of divorce, this could be attributed to growing Female independence, however it is very likely the act played a major role.

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18
Q

Number of divorces in 1950?

A

2 divorces in 1000 married couples in England and Wales

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19
Q

Number of divorces in 1970?

A

10 divorces in 1000 married couples in England and Wales

20
Q

Up until 1967 what were the only ways of getting an abortion?

A

The only way of terminating a pregnancy was through a private clinic which was very expensive or through a backstreet abortion.

21
Q

Statistics of abortion pre 1967 = ?

A

Between 100,000 and 200,000 abortions were carried out illegally every year and even worse around 35,000 women were administered to hospital with complications as a result

22
Q

How many women died from backstreet abortions in 1958 and 1960?

A

82

23
Q

Who drove the change on abortion?

A

Liberal MP David Steel

24
Q

What did the passing of the abortion bill show?

A

A show of bipartisan support reflects the countries changing attitude to not just abortion but the women’s rights as a whole and the changing state of the UK’s society which was breaking down the previous taboos and becoming a more liberal society.

25
Q

Effect of abortion being legal?

A

Abortion increased

26
Q

Number of Abortions in 1968?

A

4 per 100 live births in 1968 [35,000]

27
Q

Number of Abortions in 1975?

A

17.6 per 100 live births in 1975 [141,000]

28
Q

Which Labour backbencher pushed for the decriminalisation of homosexuality?

A

Leo Abse

29
Q

What 3 conditions allowed for homosexuality?

A
  • Both partners had to consent
  • Both had to be over the age of 21
  • It had to be in private
30
Q

What were the differing opinions of the decriminalisation
of homosexuality?

A

Some liked it as it meant men who had been previously afraid of their sexuality could come out more and declare their sexuality. However, the act was strictly interpreted to in private which meant that no one else could be in the same building – meaning there were still prosecutions for homosexual relations

31
Q

What did the differing opinions of homosexuality show?

A

It shows that homosexual relations weren’t liked by the majority of the population still people could just tolerate them and it’s a sign that maybe there was reforms but they didn’t go far enough.

32
Q

Why did Labour undertake an expansion of higher education?

A

There was a fear that Britain was slipping behind in science and technological education

33
Q

What made it evident that Britain was slipping behind?

A

The Robbins report

34
Q

What countries were Britain behind when it came to science and technological education?

A

France, Germany and the United states

35
Q

What was the issue with Britain’s university students?

A

Too many students followed arts-related courses to the exclusion of the study of science and technology.

36
Q

How did Labour expand higher education?

A
  • Polytechnics replaced colleges of technology
  • 9 colleges of Advanced technology became full universities
  • ‘New’ universities were to be founded
37
Q

How many polytechnics were there in 1968?

A

30

38
Q

What was a polytechnic?

A

Their focus was to be on applied education for work and science and they would concentrate on teaching rather than research.

39
Q

How many universities were there in 1968?

A

56

40
Q

What did these new institutions bring with them?

A

New institutions brought with it new courses and it became possible to take a degree in town planning or architecture.

41
Q

What was the main success of the expansion of higher education?

A

Most importantly these new endeavours into higher education paved the way for working class families and people who may not have previously had the chance to go to university to go to university.

42
Q

What was a sign that maybe the expansion of higher education hadn’t affected anything?

A

The old universities were still dominated by the middle and upper classes thus it is hard to argue that there was a strong change in higher education.

43
Q

What was the largest introduction of the higher education expansion?

A

The largest change was the introduction of the Open university

44
Q

How does the Open university reflect Wilson’s personality?

A

Harold Wilson himself wanted to be remembered for, it combined his enthusiasms for equal opportunities in education, modernisation and the ‘white heat of technology’ by attempting to offer high quality degree level learning in arts and sciences to people who had never had the opportunity to attend campus universities

45
Q

Who did Wilson appoint to oversee the open university?

A

Jennie Lee

46
Q

How was the open University a success?

A

The university using radio and television in innovative ways, the Uni attracted a totally new group of students to those who traditionally went to Uni – mostly part time students, Women and the disadvantaged. The scheme helped to raise the self-esteem of those who had previously been deemed as a failure in the education system. By 1980, the open university had 70,000 students and was awarding more degrees than Oxford and Cambridge combined.