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History A-Level > Liberal Italy > Flashcards

Liberal Italy Flashcards

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1
Q

3 facts about north Italy in early 20th century

A
  • Industrial
  • po valley had advanced agriculture
  • heavy migration to towns
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2
Q

3 facts about central intake in early 20th century

A
  • govt. always based in Rome
  • area had once been ruled by the pope
  • after 1870 only the Vatican remained under rule of the pope
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3
Q

3 facts about southern Italy in early 20th century

A
  • latifundia (nobles) owned 50% of the land
  • little and inefficient industry
  • very agricultural but struggled with soil exhaustion
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4
Q

3 differences between northern and southern Italy (dialect, infrastructure, education)

A

Dialects:
north- bagai South- picciottu

Infrastructure:
North- 3.8 mil km of road
South- 13,000km

Education
North- 68% illiteracy
South- 87% illiteracy

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5
Q

Shared problems in Italy

A
  1. Problems with illiteracy
  2. Regional identity more important than national identity
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6
Q

Facts about political stability

A
  • constitutional monarchy
  • many coalition govts
  • no clear aims
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7
Q

Facts about political stability

A
  • constitutional monarchy
  • many coalition govts
  • no clear aims
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8
Q

Economy and trade

A
  • dependent on British coal and imported wheat
  • produced 0.7 mil tonnes of steel compared to Britain’s 6.5 mil
  • population of 35 million (6th largest European country)
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9
Q

Military strength

A
  • army of 750,000
  • 14 battleships vs englands 64
  • budget 10 mil compared to France’s 37 mil
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10
Q

Allies and empire

A
  • idea Italy wasn’t fully unified popular (irredentism)
  • had territory in Eritrea and Ethiopia (not easily accessible)
  • 1884 attempted and failed to colonise Abyssinia
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11
Q

Technology and infrastructure

A
  • produced no coal or oil and little iron
    -lacked roads & railways particularly in the south
  • in north major industries engineering and silk
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12
Q

Role of monarch

A
  • wide ranging political powers
  • power to appoint or dismiss the prime minister
  • in control of foreign policy
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13
Q

Role of prime minister

A

Head of government
Responsible for day to day running of country
Needed support of parliament to keep position

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14
Q

Role of parliament

A

Upper house (senate)
Senators appointed for life by the king

Lower house (chamber of deputies)
Elected every five years
More political powerful than senate

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15
Q

Role of the electorate

A

Only small proportion of people could vote (25% adult men)
Must be literate, property owners and educated

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16
Q

Why was a lack of cohesive parties a problem

A

Lacked clear goals/ aims for improvement
Politicians self serving/ power hungry

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17
Q

Why were weak collisions and trasformismo problems

A

-little improvement
Laws not passed due to control of multiple parties
Trasformismo meant parties didn’t have their own views- adopted others beliefs

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18
Q

Why was political alienation and corruption a problem

A

System elite and exclusionary
Bribery common

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19
Q

Context on Giolitti

A

Elected as prime minister 5 times between 1901-1914
Successfully used trasformismo

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20
Q

Why was the rise of socialism an issue for giolitti?

A

Won quarter of the vote. In 1913
Tough economic circumstances led to increased radicalism
Strike action increased

21
Q

How did giolitti deal with the rise of socialism?

A
  • offered a range of social reforms eg banning children under 12 from working (1901) and creating a maternity fund (1902)
  • most important reform was policy of non-intervention in labour disputes (decreased strike action)
  • offered key socialist place on cabinet
22
Q

Consequences of giolittis action toward socialism

A
  • maintained good relationships with reformists such as Turati
  • maximalists hated liberal state and believed they were undermining socialism
23
Q

Why was the action of the Catholic Church an issue for giolitti?

A
  • held great power/ influenced in Italy
  • often involved in local government
  • concerned by growth of socialism
24
Q

What were the consequences of giolittis actions toward the church?

A
  • relations largely positive
  • Roman q still unresolved
  • prioritised socialists
25
Q

Giolittis actions toward church

A
  • made concessions eg let divorce bill disappear
  • accepted church’s help with encouraging voters
  • didn’t solve Roman question
26
Q

Why was the rise of nationalism an issue for giolitti?

A
  • party promotes war and imperialism
  • wanted to unite all Italian speakers
27
Q

How did giolitti deal with rise of nationalism

A
  • launched invasion to expand empire into libya
  • seized Libyan ports and coastal towns within three weeks
  • control of Libya formally surrendered October 1912
28
Q

Consequences of giolittis actions toward nationalists

A
  • originally greeted with enthusiasm
  • war led to 3,000 Italian deaths
  • led to increased support for the ANI who claimed credit for the war and blamed the govt for losses
  • led to increased opposition
29
Q

Why was the suffrage movement impactful?

A
  • gave vote to all men over 30 and soldiers
  • 70% voters now illiterate
  • liberals hoped it would lead to increased support
30
Q

What were the consequences of suffrage bill for liberals

A
  • first election liberals lost 71 seats with socialists, nationalists and catholics making gains
  • liberals had to make pacts with some catholics to guarantee more votes (about RE and divorce)
31
Q

What was Italy’s reaction to the outbreak of war

A
  • remained neutral due to cost and commitment to war in libya
    -decision was partly an excuse (Italy had loyalty’s to both the entente and the central powers)
32
Q

For joining the entente

A
  • could lead to land gain across Adriatic
  • Italy depended on Britain and France for food and coal
33
Q

Reasons for joining the central powers

A
  • Italy had joined the triple alliance with Germany and Austria in 1882
34
Q

Reasons to not join the war

A
  • large numbers of the public along with socialists and catholics were against joining the war
    -huge economic pressure in libya
35
Q

Who did Italy join in the war and why?

A
  • entente
  • increasing pressure off interventionists
  • treaty of London had very generous terms for Italy
36
Q

Describe the stalemate 1915-16

A
  • static trench warfares in snow & ice of mountains
  • 1000s died from frostbite/ cholera
  • 1916 62,000 dead and no territorial gain
  • many Italian ps didn’t understand what was worth fighting for
  • spoke range of dialects- couldn’t understand each other
37
Q

What were the reasons for defeat at caparetto 1917

A
  • no troops from Britain or France, just artillery
  • Cardona fired 215 generals and 255 colonels
  • Austria had alpine division and hutier (4 stage) tactics
  • Italy forced to retreat
38
Q

What was the impact of caparetto

A
  • day 1 lost 10,000 prisoners
  • had been defending land for two years
  • led to govt collapse
  • Close to being invaded and occupied
39
Q

Reasons for victory at the second battle of the piave river June 1918

A
  • British Gas masks prevented success of hutier tactics
  • Italy held air control
  • Austrians short of shells
  • Italians used elastic defence tactic
  • had British and French troops
40
Q

Outcome of battle of the piave river

A
  • Austria ordered to stop advances to help western front
  • allies had 45,000 wounded/ killed and Austrians 120,000
41
Q

events of battle of Vittorio Veneto (oct 1918)

A
  • Austria Hungary close to defeat
  • Italy split army in half when invading
  • 30,000 Austrian casualties vs 7,000 Italian
  • Austria sighed armastace nov 4th
42
Q

Socialist response to WWI

A
  • seen as defeatist and unpatriotic
  • blamed for poor performance in war
  • ideal they were defeatist led to many leaders being arrested after caparetto
43
Q

Divisions and political tension as a response to WWI

A
  • divisions between interventionists and pacifists
  • divisions between nationalists and general public
  • peasants promised compensation for input
44
Q

The war economy

A
  • northern industry grew 20% whilst south stagnated
  • food shortages
  • strikes made illegal and 20% decrease in real time wages
    — fiat became leading manufacturer
  • govt printed more money which led to inflation (2.9 billion debt pre war and 23 after)
45
Q

Reasons victory was mutilated

A

Didn’t receive Fiume
Didn’t receive Dalmatia
No African colonies
Seen as little gain for 650,000 deaths

46
Q

Reasons victory wasn’t mutilated

A

Gained South Tyrol ( natural frontier to brenner pass )
Gained istria
Gained trentino (Italian speaking)
Gained 14,500km more than any other European country
Received reparations and seat on LoN

47
Q

Causes of occupation of Fiume

A

mutilated victory
Political weakness and divisions
Inflation
Biennio rosso

48
Q

Events of occupation of Fiume

A

12/09/1919 d’annunzio marched to Fiume with 287 men
14th captured Fiume with no shots fired
Italy instituted blockade limiting recourses
Illegally seized cargo from ships
12 nov 1920 Fiume country
Dec 1 declared war on Italy- Italy had 20,000 men (withdrew quickly)

49
Q

Consequences of occupation of Fiume

A

Humiliated liberal govt (no control for 15 months)
Inspired Mussolini: - sense of nationalism uniforms and salutes
- treated dissidents harshly

History A-Level (3 decks)

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