Lex sem Flashcards
paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations
paragimatic means pattern or groups/system: The man bought a (house/care/phone)
syntagmatic means Structure how the sentence should be: determiner A boy The house An animal not Boy a, House the, Animal an
5 types of paradigmatic relations
- homonymy
- polysemy
- synonymy
- antonymy
- hyponymy/hyperonymy
Homonym signifiant(Sound)=same
signifie(Meaning)=differentsame sound different spelling bark(dog) bark(tree)
homophone:the sound is the same spelling different sun/son
homograph: the spelling is same sound different
lead (lid) lead (led)
full homonyms: different word same spelling same sound lie(down)/lie( not true)
Polysemy signifiant(Sound)=same
signifie(Meaning)=similarfootball( ball) football (sport)
wood (from trees) woods (a group of trees)
Hypernymy (super)
hyponymy (sub)
Superordinate Flower
Subordinate Tulip
what is the Principle of compositionality?
the meaning of a complex sentence is determined by the meanings of its parts and the rules used to combine them. similiar to math (bob ate the apple) can be composed (like math) to find the meaning
what is semantic costituent?
any part of a sentence that bears a meaning and combines with the meanings of other constituents
what are two conditions of a lexical unit?
it must represent form and meaning of a lexeme
what is semantics
The study of meaning in human language
languge is devided into 3 parts
Sounds: phontics & phonology
Form: words= morphology phrases/clauses= Syntax
Meaning: semantics/ pragmatics
colorless green ideas sleep furiously
chomsky: grammatically correct but doesn’t make sense = need for semantics
prescriptive vs descriptive language
should vs actuality and example of semantics
can i go to the wc presciptive/wrong may i
vs
may i go to the wc desciptive /its ok
language semantics
what is similiar and what is different about languages
thoery of semantics
- Sentence meaning vs speaker meaning
- contextualized meaning
- Knowledge problem
- Individual differences
- circularity
circularity
coffee:
word level problems: ( the definition requires further defining or very word in the creating a circular effect. or constant defining back and forth fro a lexical source
a differnce in type
b color
c taste
d temperature
soluton: code meta language( numbers or algorythims)
Linguistic sign
sassure vs ogden& richards
a. Ferdinand Sassure theory: the sign is combination of signified/meaning/concept and signifier/form/sound/image the process from the signifier to the signified is called signification.
illustration circle top signifed bottom signifier: Arbitrary cus different languages use different sounds.
b.Ogden & Richards+ the semiotic triangle: a triangle: the bottom left of the triangle is the symbol or word which rises to the peak which is the thought or referent then to the bottom right which is the thing or referent. there is direct connection between the word and and the extralinguistic referent/object and is symbolized with a dotted line.
c.Pierce Triangle bottom left:representamen/form the sign takes –rises to iterpretant/sense made from sign– to the bottom right the object/ -type of signs symbol/icon/index/-
symbol/ habit norm learned and arbitrary
icon / physically similiar/
index/ Direct connection
Arbitrarines
One of the most important principles in linguistics is arbitrariness of meaning; it states that
the relationship between a name and what it denotes is arbitrary, i.e., between them there is no
necessary relationship. because in other languages the sounds are different.
Linearity
The linearity principle is Saussure’s statement that, because linguistic signifiers are sounds (spoken words), they are intrinsically sequential (“linear”). They cannot be perceived simultaneously, the way visual signs are: they must be perceived one after the other, as a sequence in time. Example come here vs here comes one is a command the other is not.
Discreteness
The idea of “discreteness” in linguistics basically means that even though language is produced as a “stream” (as in “stream of speech”), it can be broken down into meaningful units (such as discrete sounds), and those units can be combined in various ways to form larger units (such as discrete sounds like [p], [I] and [t] combining to make the word “pit” or “tip”).
Discontinuity
In linguistics, a discontinuity occurs when a given word or phrase is separated from another word or phrase that it modifies in such a manner that a direct connection cannot be established between the two without incurring crossing lines in the tree structure. Prevalent in slavic languages not in English
denotation
primary meaning of a sign: dictionary example but may also use references to extralinguistic reality: red:blood white:snow etc
designation
A designation is a representation of a concept by linguistic or non-linguistic means. the name of something
signification
Signification is the structuralist notion for being a sign, or the property of expressions that they stand for other things.
Denotative (cognitive)
Connotative
(associative)
Denotative=primary meaning vs Connotative/associative= secondary/subclass meanings
referent
the object or event to which the symbol refers the lexeme chair has many referents
connotative stylistic types
a. territiorial/reginal
b. social
c. proper
d. temporal/dated
